世亲金刚八十偈梵文检索

世親菩薩《金剛般若波羅蜜多經論釋》二譯對照

paramo 'nugraho jñeyaḥ śārīraḥ saparigrahaḥ | prāptāprāptāvihānau ca paramā syāt parīndanā ||3||

【支译】巧護義應知 加彼身同行 不退得未得 是名善付囑 3 【净译】勝利益應知 於身并屬者 得未得不退 謂最勝付囑 3

1、parama

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

parama

【对译词】

〈藏〉 dam pa，mchog，mchog tu，lhur byed pa，lhur len pa

【释义】

［形］ 最高的，至高的，最好的。

［中］ 最高存在，至高精神。（接⑦或用于多财复合后词） 以……为最高目标的，专注于，渴望于，一直。

〔古〕 勝，最勝，極，最極，最爲殊勝，第一。

【例句】

［中］《那罗传》：

tataś cintāparā dīnā vivarṇavadanā kṛśā | babhūva damayantī tu niḥśvāsaparamā tadā |

于是可怜的达摩衍蒂常常发愣， 面色无光而身形消瘦，不住地长吁短叹。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899 【释义】

paramá, mf(ā)n. (superl. of pára) most distant, remotest, extreme, last RV. &c. &c. ; chief, highest, primary, most prominent or conspicuous ; best, most excellent, worst (°meṇa cetasā, with all the heart; °ma-kaṇṭhena, “with all the throat,” roaring, speaking aloud) ib. ; (with abl.) superior or inferior to, better or worse than MBh. R. ; ► p. 588a paramá, m. N. of 2 authors Cat. ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. highest point, extreme limit (catur-viṃśati-p°, at the utmost 24) MBh. &c. ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. chief part or matter or object (ifc. f(ā). = consisting chiefly of, completely occupied with or devoted to or intent upon) Mn. MBh. Kāv. &c. ; ► p. 588a paramám, ind. yes, very well ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. (also parama- in comp.; see below) very much, excessively, excellently, in the highest degree MBh. Kāv. &c.► p. 588a Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

parama, m. or nt., a high number: °masya Gv 105.20.. Corresponds to mapara, nt., mavara, also savara (2)qqv. ► p. 319

2、anugrah

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

anu-grah 二级词汇

【对译词】

〈藏〉 rjes su bzung ba, phan 'dogs shing

【词根来源】

√grah

【释义】

［动9P］ anugṛhṇāti ❶利益，饶益，施恩。❷ 摄受，保护，支持。〔古〕受，摄受，利益，爲益，饶益，摄益，護。

［使］anugrāhayati 使作利益。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

anu-√grah, to follow in taking or plundering MBh. iv, 996, to support ; to uphold ; to receive, welcome ; to treat with kindness, favour, oblige ; to foster. ► p. 32a

3、jñeya

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

jñeya

【对译词】

〈藏〉 shes bya，shes par bya ba

【释义】

［必分］ 应该知道的，被认知的，认知对象。〔古〕 所知，所智，當知，境，境界，所知境，所知境界。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

jñeya, mfn. to be known (e.g. jñeyo mahârṇavo'tra, it should be known that there is here a great sea VarBṛS. xiv, 19; kathaṃ na jñeyam asmābhir nivartitum, how should we not know how to leave off Bhag. i, 39) Mn. Yājñ. R. &c. ; to be learnt or understood or ascertained or investigated or perceived or inquired about ŚvetUp. i, 12 MBh. iii, 2737 Nal. &c. ► p. 426c

4、śārīra

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

śārīra

【释义】

［形］ 身体的。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

śārīrá, mf(ī)n. (fr. śarīra) bodily, corporeal, relating or belonging to or being in or produced from or connected with the body (with daṇḍa m. corporal punishment) ŚBr. &c. &c. ; made of bone Suśr. ; ► p. 1066b śārīrá, n. bodily constitution MBh. VarBṛS. ; (in med.) the science of the body and its parts, anatomy Suśr. Car. ; the feces, excrement Mn. xi, 202 ; the embodied soul or spirit W. ; = vṛṣa (?) L. ► p. 1066b

5、saparigraha

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

saparigraha

【对译词】

〈藏〉 yongs su 'dzin pa dang bcas pa

【释义】

〔古〕所有。

6、prāpta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

prāpta

【释义】

〈藏〉 thob pa，rnyed pa ［过分］ 获得，到达。〔古〕 得，获得，已得，至得，所得，逮得，證得，所證，至，成就，具足。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

prâpta, mfn. attained to, reached, arrived at, met with, found, incurred, got, acquired, gained Mn. MBh. &c. ; one who has attained to or reached &c. (acc. or comp.) AV. &c. &c. ; come to (acc.), arrived, present (prâpteṣu kāleṣu, at certain periods) Mn. MBh. &c. ; accomplished, complete, mature, full-grown (see a-pr°) ; (in med.) indicated, serving the purpose Suśr. ; (in gram.) obtained or following from a rule, valid (iti prâpte, “while this follows from a preceding rule”) Pāṇ. 1-1, 34 Sch. &c. ; fixed, placed L. ; proper, right L. ; ► p. 707c prâpta, m. pl. N. of a people MārkP. ► p. 707c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】 -prāpta, ppp. (= Skt. id., Pali -patta), in āścarya-, adbhuta-pr° generally means filled with astonishment and wonder (e. g. SP 188.5). But in SP 183.4-5 āścaryaprāptā ... adbhutaprāptā ime ṣoḍaśa śrāmaṇerāḥ, rather, some-thing like arrived at a wonderful thing or condition, marvel-ously successful. In KP 9.5 and 10.5 dāntājāneya-prāpta (bodhisattva), and KP 9.14; 10.17, 20 ājanya-prāpta (bodhisattva), clearly arrived at (the condition of being ...) i.e. become (tamed) noble (steeds, see ājanya, ājāneya). In most of these, Tib. renders prāpta by thob pa, which acc. to Jä. primarily means get, attain, but in expressions like saṅs rgyas thob pa become (lit. get) a Buddha. This latter seems clearly parallel to the use of -prāpta in these KP passages. Ordinarily a cpd. ending in -prāpta has as its prior member an abstract noun. Note however that some such prior members may be either abstract or concrete; thus adbhuta may mean either surprising or sur-prise. Possibly the KP usage arose by analogy of such compounds. There are other cpds. of prāpta with a pre-ceding adj.; see s.v. niṣkāṅkṣa. ► p. 392

7、aprāpta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

a--prâpta

【对译词】

〈藏〉 ma rnyed pa，ma byon，ma song, ma phrad pa, phrad med, phrad pa med, ma thob pa，ma bab pa'i bar du

【释义】

［形］ ❶ 未至，未遇。❷ 未获得。❸ 未完成，未长成。❹（规则）无效的。〔古〕 未到，未得，不至，未至，所未得，無获，未至得。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

á-prâpta, mfn. unobtained ; unarrived ; not accomplished Yājñ. ii, 243 ; not yet full-grown Mn. ix, 88 ; not resulting (from any rule) Pāṇ. 8-2, 33 Sch. ► p. 59b

8、avihāni

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

avihāni

【对译词】

〈藏〉 mi nyams pa

【释义】

〔古〕無退捨。

9、ca

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

ca 一级词汇

【对译词】

〈藏〉 dang

【释义】

［不变］ 和，也，而且，并且，仍然。〔古〕 與，及。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ca 1., the 20th letter of the alphabet, 1st of the 2nd (or palatal) class of consonants, having the sound of ch in church. ► p. 380a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ca 2., ind. and, both, also, moreover, as well as (= $, Lat. que, placed like these particles as an enclitic after the word which it connects with what precedes; when used with a personal pronoun this must appear in its fuller accented form (e.g. táva ca máma ca [not te ca me ca], “both of thee and me”) , when used after verbs the first of them is accented Pāṇ. 8-1, 58 f.; it connects whole sentences as well as parts of sentences; in RV. the double ca occurs more frequently than the single (e.g. aháṃ ca tváṃ ca, “I and thou,” viii, 62, 11); the double ca may also be used somewhat redundantly in class. Sanskṛit (e.g. kva hariṇakānāṃ jīvitaṃ câtilolaṃ kva ca vajra-sārāḥ śarās te, “where is the frail existence, of fawns and where are thy adamantine arrows?” Śak. i, 10); in later literature, however, the first ca is more usually omitted (e.g. ahaṃ tvaṃ ca), and when more than two things are enumerated only one ca is often found (e.g. tejasā yaśasā lakṣmyā sthityā ca parayā, “in glory, in fame, in beauty, and in high position” Nal. xii, 6); elsewhere, when more than two things are enumerated, ca is placed after some and omitted after others (e.g. ṛṇa-dātā ca vaidyaś ca śrotriyo nadī, “the payer of a debt and a physician [and] a Brāhman [and] a river” Hit. i, 4, 55); in Ved. and even in class. Sanskṛit [Mn. iii, 20; ix, 322 Hit.] , when the double ca would generally be used, the second may occasionally be omitted (e.g. indraś ca soma, “both Indra [and thou] Soma” RV. vii, 104, 25; durbhedyaś câśusaṃdheyaḥ, “both difficult to be divided [and] quickly united” Hit. i); with lexicographers camay imply a reference to certain other words which are not expressed (e.g. kamaṇḍalau ca karakaḥ, “the word karaka has the meaning “pitcher” and other meanings”); sometimes ca is = eva, even, indeed, certainly, just (e.g. su-cintitaṃ caûṣadhaṃ na nāma-mātreṇa karoty arogam, “even a well-devised remedy does not cure a disease by its mere name” Hit.; yāvanta eva te tāvāṃśca saḥ, “as great as they [were] just so great was he” Ragh. xii, 45); occasionally ca is disjunctive, “but,” “on the contrary,” “on the other hand,” “yet,” “nevertheless” (varam ādyau na cântimaḥ, “better the two first but not the last” Hit. ► p. 380b; śāntam idam āśrama-padaṃ sphurati ca bāhuḥ, “this hermitage is tranquil yet my arm throbs” Śak. i, 15); ca-ca, though-yet Vikr. ii, 9; ca-na ca, though - yet not Pat.; ca - na tu (v.l. nanu) id., Mālav. iv, 8; na ca - ca, though not - yet Pat.; ca may be used for vā, “either,” “or” (e.g. iha câmutra vā, “either here or hereafter” Mn. xii, 89; strī vā pumān vā yac cânyat sattvam, “either a woman or a man or any other being” R.) , and when a neg. particle is joined with ca the two may then be translated by “neither,” “nor;” occasionally one ca or one na is omitted (e.g. na ca paribhoktuṃ naîva śaknomi hātum, “I am able neither to enjoy nor to abandon” Śak. v, 18; na pūrvâhṇe na ca parâhṇe, “neither in the forenoon nor in the afternoon”); ca-ca may express immediate connection between two acts or their simultaneous occurrence (e.g. mama ca muktaṃ tamasā mano manasijena dhanuṣi śaraś ca niveśitaḥ, “no sooner is my mind freed from darkness than a shaft is fixed on his bow by the heart-born god,” vi, 8); ca is sometimes = cêd, “if” (cf. Pāṇ. 8-1, 30; the verb is accented) RV. AV.MBh. Vikr. ii, 20 Bhartṛ. ii, 45; ca may be used as an expletive (e.g. anyaiś ca kratubhiś ca, “and with other sacrifices”); cais often joined to an adv. like eva, api, tathā, tathaîva, &c., either with or without a neg. particle (e.g. vairiṇaṃ nôpaseveta sahâyaṃ caiva vairiṇaḥ, “one ought not to serve either an enemy or the ally of an enemy” Mn. iv, 133); (see eva, api, &c.) For the meaning of ca after an interrogative see 2. ká, 2. kathā́, kím, kvá); [cf. $, Lat. que, pe (in nempe &c.); Goth. uh ; Zd. ca ; Old Pers. cā.] ► p. 380a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ca 3., mfn. pure L. ; moving to and fro L. ; mischievous L. ; seedless L. ; ► p. 380b

ca, m. a thief. L. ; the moon L. ; a tortoise L. ; Śiva L. ► p. 380b

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

(ca, as in normal ṣkt. (Bṛ; ṣpeyer, ṣkt. ṣynt. § 441b, Vṣṣ §282), is used (1) in sentences where a contrast seems implied, = tu, but: te caivaṃ vācaṃ bhāṣeran, tac ca bhaiṣajyam upanāmitaṃ na pibeyuḥ SP 321.10-11, on the one hand (ca) they would speak thus, and yet (ca; on the other hand) they would not drink the proffered remedy; (2) in the protasis of conditions, = yadi (acc. to Speyer, VSS l.c., 'in Vedic and older Skt.,' but this is too limited): deśayeyaṃ cāhaṃ dharmaṃ na vā deśayeyam LV 400.7, whether I preach the dharma or not — (the same result, as regards some people, Will ensue); śakraś ca (mss., Senart em. ce) me varaṃ dadyāt Mv iii.6.15, if Śakra should give me a boon —. (3) Acc. to Senart, MV i notes pp. 370, 501, 561, ca may introduce a following word, as 'proclitic', no longer enclitic; he says the same is authorized for Pali by the Mukhainattadīpanī, a comm. on Kaccāyana. Alleged cases are cited in Mv i.3.11; 57.10; 83.17 (? read 16?); 158.1; 241.13. In some of these.(e. g. 158.1) ca seems to me quite normal; in others the position may be peculiar, as sometimes it is in Pali, see Childers s.v., but I do not believe it ever introduces a following word or phrase; some of the passages cited are violently emended by Senart in other respects. The Pali Dictt. do not recognize the usage alleged by Senart, and I am not convinced that it occurs in BHS.) ► p. 220-221

10、parama

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

parama

【对译词】

〈藏〉 dam pa，mchog，mchog tu，lhur byed pa，lhur len pa

【释义】

［形］ 最高的，至高的，最好的。

［中］ 最高存在，至高精神。（接⑦或用于多财复合后词） 以……为最高目标的，专注于，渴望于，一直。

〔古〕 勝，最勝，極，最極，最爲殊勝，第一。

【例句】

［中］《那罗传》：

tataś cintāparā dīnā vivarṇavadanā kṛśā | babhūva damayantī tu niḥśvāsaparamā tadā |

于是可怜的达摩衍蒂常常发愣，

面色无光而身形消瘦，不住地长吁短叹。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

paramá, mf(ā)n. (superl. of pára) most distant, remotest, extreme, last RV. &c. &c. ; chief, highest, primary, most prominent or conspicuous ; best, most excellent, worst (°meṇa cetasā, with all the heart; °ma-kaṇṭhena, “with all the throat,” roaring, speaking aloud) ib. ; (with abl.) superior or inferior to, better or worse than MBh. R. ; ► p. 588a paramá, m. N. of 2 authors Cat. ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. highest point, extreme limit (catur-viṃśati-p°, at the utmost 24) MBh. &c. ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. chief part or matter or object (ifc. f(ā). = consisting chiefly of, completely occupied with or devoted to or intent upon) Mn. MBh. Kāv. &c. ; ► p. 588a paramám, ind. yes, very well ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. (also parama- in comp.; see below) very much, excessively, excellently, in the highest degree MBh. Kāv. &c.► p. 588a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

parama, m. or nt., a high number: °masya Gv 105.20.. Corresponds to mapara, nt., mavara, also savara (2)qqv. ► p. 319

11、syāt

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

syāt, ind. (3. sg. Pot. of √1. as) it may be, perhaps, perchance (esp. used in Jaina works and occurring in 7 formulas, viz. 1. syād asti, “perhaps it is [under certain circumstances];” 2. syān nâsti, “perhaps it is not, &c.;” 3. syād asti ca nâsti ca, “perhaps it is and is not [under certain circumstances];” 4. syād avaktavyaḥ, “perhaps it is not expressible in words;” 5. syād asti câvaktavyaḥ, “perhaps it is and is not expressible in words;” 6. syān nâsti câvaktavyaḥ, “perhaps it is not and is and is not expressible in words;” 7. syād asti ca nâsti câvaktavyaḥ) Sarvad. ► p. 1273b

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

syāt, siyāti (as in Pali, AMg. siyā; in only Jain Skt., see BR), perhaps; common at end of Jātaka stories, usually: syāt khalu (punar) bhikṣavaḥ yuṣmākam (rarely omitted) evam asyā (or asyāt), it may be, however, monks, that you may have the idea..., Mv ii.64.2; 68.13; 72.4, 8, 10; 81.17; 83.7; 89.1, 3, 6; 94.5, 8; 113.16; 114.3; 176.15; 219.4; iii.76.18, and often in Mv; so in Mv i.45.1, 5, 8, 11, read siyāti (§ 29.41; Senart siyā ti) punar.. . evam asya syāt; yasyeha pariśeṣaṃ syān (so mss. ii.3.7, in i.199.9 syā) nārīye (°yo) jīvitaṃ bhavet Mv i.199.9 = ii.3.7 (vs), of what woman there may be perchance remaining in this world a life (of ten months and seven days); Senart reads syā in both places and takes it for the pronoun asyāḥ, which seems to me impossible (§ 21.84). ► p. 615

12、parīndanā

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

parīndanā (also pari°; to next), the giving over, presenting: °nā- Dbh 95.10; 99.33; °nayā Vaj 20.5, 11 (Pargiter ap. Hoernle MR 179 pari°); °nāṃ Sukh 73.11; AsP 462.16. ► p. 333

vipulaḥ paramo 'tyanto 'viparyastaś [ca] cetasi | upakārāśayaḥ sthānaṃ yāne 'smin guṇapūritaḥ ||4||

【支译】廣大第一常 其心不顛倒 利益深心住 此乘功德滿 4

【净译】於心廣最勝 至極無顛倒 利益意樂處 此乘功德滿 4

1、vipula

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

vipula

【对译词】

〈藏〉 zheng，yangs pa，rgya cher，rgya che ba，rgya chen po

【释义】

［形］ 宽阔的，丰富的。〔古〕 廣，大，廣大，廣长，弘廣，廣多。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ví-pula, See s.v. ► p. 951b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

vi-pula, mf(ā)n. (prob. fr. pula = pura; cf. under √ pul) large, extensive, wide, great, thick, long (also of time), abundant, numerous, important, loud (as a noise), noble (as a race) PārGṛ. MBh. &c. ; ► p. 974c vi-pula, m. a respectable man W. ; N. of a prince of the Sauvīras MBh. ; of a pupil of Deva-śarman (who guarded the virtue of Ruci, his preceptor's wife, when tempted by Indra during her husband's absence) MBh. ; of a son of Vasu-deva BhP. ; of a mountain (either Meru or the Himâlaya) Pur. ; ► p. 974c vi-pulā, f. the earth L. ; ► p. 974c vi-pula, m. a form of the Āryā metre (in which the caesura is irregular; divided into 3 species, Ādi-, Antya-, and Ubhaya-vipulā) Col. ; (in music) a kind of measure Saṃgīt. ; ► p. 974c vi-pula, n. a sort of building Gal. ► p. 974c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

vipula, (1) adj. (like udagra, q.v., a near-synonym in Skt.), appears to be used (at least once) in the mg. re-joiced, very happy: prītī (? so both edd.; v.l. °tyā, °tya; perh. read prityā, instr.?) udagrā vipulā sma jātāḥ SP 214.4 (vs); Tib. bdag cag (we) dgaḥ zhiṅ (being glad) mgu pa raṅs ba skyes (app. have become joyous and rejoiced), which points to this interpretation of vipulā; several mss. Read jātā, but against taking prītī as subject of jātā, and udagrā and vipulā as pred. adj., is the form sma ( = smas), as well as the Tib.; (2) (= Pali id.; also Vaipulya) n. of a mountain near Rājagṛha: Māy 5; 101. ► p. 491-492

2、parama

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

parama

【对译词】

〈藏〉 dam pa，mchog，mchog tu，lhur byed pa，lhur len pa

【释义】

［形］ 最高的，至高的，最好的。

［中］ 最高存在，至高精神。（接⑦或用于多财复合后词） 以……为最高目标的，专注于，渴望于，一直。

〔古〕 勝，最勝，極，最極，最爲殊勝，第一。

【例句】

［中］《那罗传》：

tataś cintāparā dīnā vivarṇavadanā kṛśā | babhūva damayantī tu niḥśvāsaparamā tadā |

于是可怜的达摩衍蒂常常发愣， 面色无光而身形消瘦，不住地长吁短叹。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

paramá, mf(ā)n. (superl. of pára) most distant, remotest, extreme, last RV. &c. &c. ; chief, highest, primary, most prominent or conspicuous ; best, most excellent, worst (°meṇa cetasā, with all the heart; °ma-kaṇṭhena, “with all the throat,” roaring, speaking aloud) ib. ; (with abl.) superior or inferior to, better or worse than MBh. R. ; ► p. 588a paramá, m. N. of 2 authors Cat. ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. highest point, extreme limit (catur-viṃśati-p°, at the utmost 24) MBh. &c. ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. chief part or matter or object (ifc. f(ā). = consisting chiefly of, completely occupied with or devoted to or intent upon) Mn. MBh. Kāv. &c. ; ► p. 588a paramám, ind. yes, very well ; ► p. 588a paramá, n. (also parama- in comp.; see below) very much, excessively, excellently, in the highest degree MBh. Kāv. &c.► p. 588a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

parama, m. or nt., a high number: °masya Gv 105.20.. Corresponds to mapara, nt., mavara, also savara (2)qqv. ► p. 319

3、atyanta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

aty-anta 三级词汇

【对译词】

〈藏〉 gtan，gtan du，shin tu

【释义】

［形］ ❶ 超限的，非常，极度。❷ 永远的，不断的。❸ 绝对的，彻底的，毕竟。〔古〕 恒，極，永，永時，毕竟，究竟。

〖atyantam〗〖atyantāya〗〖atyantatas〗［不变］永远地，彻底地，绝对地。〔古〕 永，極，常，一向，究竟，毕竟。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

aty-anta, mfn. beyond the proper end or limit ; excessive, very great, very strong ; endless, unbroken, perpetual ; absolute, perfect ; ► p. 16c aty-antam, ind. excessively, exceedingly, in perpetuity, absolutely, completely ; to the end ; ► p. 16c aty-antāya, ind. dat. for ever, perpetually Pat. ; quite Pat. ► p. 16c

4、aviparyasta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

aviparyasta

【对译词】

〈藏〉 phyin ci ma log pa

【释义】

〔古〕無有颠倒。

5、cetas

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

cetas

【对译词】

〈藏〉 sems

【释义】

［中］ 心，思想。〔古〕 心。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

cétas, &c., °tāya &c. See √cit. ► p. 401c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

cétas, n. splendour RV. ; (Naigh. iii, 9) consciousness, intelligence, thinking soul, heart, mind VS. xxxiv, 3 AV. Mn. ix, xiiMBh. &c. (ifc. KaṭhUp. Mn. &c.) ; will AV. vi, 116, 3 TBr. iii, 1, 1, 7 ; cf. a-cetás, dabhrá-, prá-, laghu-, ví-, sá-, su-cétas. ► p. 398a

6、upakāra

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

upakāra

【对译词】

〈藏〉 phan btags p，phan pa

【释义】

［阳］ 恩惠。〔古〕 恩，恩德。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

upa-kāra, &c. See upa- √1. kṛ. ► p. 195a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

upa-kāra, m. help, assistance, benefit, service, favour ; use, advantage MBh. Yājñ. Hit. Vikr. &c. ; (upakāre-√vṛt, to be of service to another R.) ; preparation, ornament, decoration, embellishment (as garlands suspended at gateways on festivals, flowers &c.) Suśr. L. ; ► p. 195b upa-kārī, f. a royal tent ; a palace ; a caravansery L. ► p. 195b

7、sthāna

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

sthāna

【对译词】

〈藏〉 'greng ba，gnas，gnas pa，gnas su gyur pa, sdod pa, brkyang ba

【释义】

［中］ ❶ 〈藏〉 'greng ba，gnas pa，sdod pa〔古〕 住，能住，所住。❷ 〈藏〉 gnas，gnas su gyur pa地点，位置。〔古〕 處，處所，所居處，道理，具，事。❸ 〈藏〉 brkyang ba伸。

【变形】

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sthāna, sthānin,sthāpaka,°pana &c. See p.1263. ► p. 1265b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sthā́na, n. (also said to be m. Siddh.) the act of standing, standing firmly, being fixed or stationary AV. &c. &c. ; position or posture of the body (in shooting &c.) R. ; staying, abiding, being in or on (loc. or comp.) Daś. Kām. Hariv. Sāh. ; storing-place or storage (of goods) Mn. viii, 401 ; firm bearing (of troops), sustaining a charge (as opp. to yuddha, “charging”) ib. vii, 190 ; state, condition (ifc. = “being in the state of”) Up. BhP. ; continued existence, continuance in the same state (i.e. in a kind of neutral state unmarked by loss or gain), continuing as or as long as (with instr.) MBh. R. BhP. ; a state of perfect tranquillity Sarvad. ; station, rank, office, appointment, dignity, degree MaitrUp. Mn. MBh. &c. ; place of standing or staying, any place, spot, locality, abode, dwelling, house, site (sthāne sthāne or sthāne sthāneṣu, “in different places,” “here and there”) RV. &c. &c. ; place or room, stead (sthāne with gen. or ifc. “in place of,” “instead of,” “in lieu of;” ripu-sthāne-√vṛt, “to act in the place of an enemy;” vilocana-sthāna-gata, “acting the part of eyes;” also sthāna ifc. = “taking the place of,” “acting as,” “representing” or “represented by” e.g. pitṛ-sth°, “acting as a father” or “represented by a father;” iyaṅ-uvaṅ-sthāna, “represented by iy or uv” [as īandū Pāṇ. 1-4, 4]; in Pāṇini's grammar the gen. case is often used alone, when the word sthāne has to be supplied e.g. hanter jaḥ, “ja is to be substituted in place of han,” i, 1, 49) AitBr. GṛŚrS. &c. ; place for, receptacle of (gen.) Mn. MBh. &c. ; proper or right place (sthāne, “in the right place or at the right time, seasonably, justly”) PañcavBr. &c. &c. (cf. g. svar-ādi) ; province, region, domain, sphere (of gods or virtuous men; said to be in one of three places, viz. “earth” or “atmosphere” or “heaven;” accord. to some that of virtuous Brāhmans is called Prājāpatya; of Kshatriyas, Aindra; of Vaiśyas, Māruta; of Śūdras, Gāndharva) Nir. VarBṛS. ; the main support or strength or chief constituent of a kingdom (said to be four, viz. “army,” “treasury,” “city,” “territory”) Mn. vii, 56 ; a stronghold, fortress Pañcat. ; the place or organ of utterance of any sound (said to be 8 in number, viz. kaṇṭha, “throat;” tālu, “palate;” mūrdhan, “top of palate;” danta, “teeth;” oṣṭha, “lips;” kaṇṭha-tālu, “throat and palate;” kaṇṭh'-oṣṭha, “throat and lips;” dant'-oṣṭha, “teeth and lips;” to which are added nāsikā, “nose,” said to be the place of utterance of true Anusvāra, and uras, “chest,” of Visarga) Pāṇ. 1-9 Sch. Prāt. Sarvad. ; any organ of sense (e.g. the eye) BhP. ; the pitch or key of the voice, note, tone (of which accord. to RPrāt., there are three [see mandra], or accord. to TPrāt., seven; vīnā cyutā sthānāt, “a lute out of tune”) ŚrS. Prāt. MBh. &c. ; shape, form, appearance (as of the moon) VarBṛS. ; the part or character of an actor MW. ; case, occurrence (nêdaṃ sthānaṃ vidyate, “this case does not occur”) Yājñ. Pañcat. Vajracch. ; occasion, opportunity for (gen. or comp.; °ne ind. “occasionally”) ŚrS. MBh. &c. ; cause or object of (gen. or comp. e.g. śulka-sthāna, “an object of toll;” pūjā- or mānya-sth°, “an object of honour;” also applied to persons; °ne ind. “because of,” “on account of”) MBh. Pañcat.Kathās. ; a section or division (e.g. of medicine) Car. Suśr. &c. ; an astrol. mansion or its subdivision VarBṛS. ; = kāryôtsarga, Śīl. ; an open place in a town, plain, square W. ; a holy place MW. ; an altar ib. ; N. of a Gandharva king R. ; ► p. 1263a sthā́ne, ind., see sthāna , “occasionally” ; ► p. 1263a sthā́ne, ind., see sthāna , “because of,” “on account of” ► p. 1263a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

sthāna, nt. (in all these mgs. = Pali ṭhāna, but hardly Skt. sthāna except as indicated below), (1) point, matter, subject: (anyāṃ devāṃ) divyehi daśahi sthānehi abhibhavati, divyenāyuṣā (so with varṇena, sukhena, aiśvaryeṇa, parivāreṇa; rūpeṇa, divyehi śabdehi, gandhehi, rasehi, praṣṭavyehi) Mv i.337.15; similarly ii.190.13 (rūpehi for rūpeṇa, sparśehi for praṣṭavyehi); similarly Pali SN iv.275.2 (et alibi; here, dibbena āyunā, then vaṇṇena, sukhena, yasena, adhipateyyena; dibbehi rūpehi, saddehi, gandhehi, rasehi, phoṭṭhabbehi); in Mv iii.302.5, same with only pañcahi sthānehi, the first five above; five vidyāsthāna, see this, also called simply sthānāni, points, subjects (of learning); the fifth of these is śilpa(karma)-sthānavidyā, cf. Divy 109.21 (kuśalā) Bodhisattvāḥ teṣu teṣu śilpasthānakarmasthāneṣu, ... in various matters of arts and crafts; also RP 41.13 sarvaśilpasthānakarma-sthāna-vidhijñāḥ; in Karmav 64.7 mātāpitaraḥ pañca sthānāni pratyanuśaṃsamānāḥ (expecting five matters) putram icchanti, some other group than the vidyā-sthānāni must be meant, perh. the five ānisaṃsā of a virtuous man as in Pali DN ii.86.1 ff.; durdṛśam imaṃ sthānaṃ (hard to see thru is this subject), yad ... pratītyasamutpādaḥ Mv iii.314.4; (paravipattiḥ) saṃvejanīyaṃ sthānaṃ Divy 432.16, a matter that should be shuddered at; anākhyātam idaṃ sthānam SP 230.8-9, an article (of creed) not yet made known (Kern); dharma-nigūḍha-sthānam 233.12, secret article of the doctrine; anyatamānyatamat sthānam adhyāpadya Bhīk 23b.4, having violated one or another point (item, of the code of conduct); 24a.1; evaṃrūpaṃ sthānaṃ nādhyāpatsyase 24b.5; asmin sthāne, in (on) this point, subject, matter, SP 317.3; 318.11 (tathāgataḥ khalv asmin sthāne, on this subject, 'saṃpramoṣadharmā; Kern here wrongly in his position); atra sthāne 323.4; (2) much as in Skt. (BR s.v. sthāna, 1 w), underlying condition, occasion, virtually cause (cf. Pali DN comm. i.77.32 ṭhānaṃ vuccati kāraṇaṃ): trayāṇāṃ sthānānāṃ saṃmukhībhāvāt (as a result of the presence of three things, conditions) putrā jāyante duhitaraś ca Divy 1.12, 15; (ṣaṇṇāṃ) sthānānām āścaryādbhuto loke prādurbhāvaḥ Av ii.55.2, of six conditions (or causes) is a marvelous and miraculous appearance in the world (they are then listed; the first is a Tathāgata, who in the story has just performed a miracle); na pramādasthānam asyopasaṃharati Bbh 15.24, he does not produce for him an occasion for heedless-ness; kaukṛtya-sthānaṃ SP 287.2, see kaukṛtya; (3) basis, cause, so organ, implement: tenaikaṃ daṇḍasthānaṃ pre-ṣitam Divy 531.11, he sent out an instrument of punishment = a punitive force or expedition (Index, an army corps; not plausible); similarly MSV ii.71.16; (4) in cpd. sthānāsthāna, (skandha-dhātv-āyatana-pratītyasamutpā-da-)-sthānāsthāna- Bbh 4.8, either possibilities and im-possibilities (see 5 below), or sound and unsound pro-positions or conclusions (regarding...), and so in other cases, see s.v. asthāna; in Pali CPD s.v. aṭṭhāna, and PTSD s.v. ṭhāna(ṭṭhāna); (5) occasion, hence possibility: sthānam etad vidyati yaṃ (it is quite possible that) ete mama (acc.) jīvitāto vyaparopayitvā (°pitvā, mss.)... Mv i.350.11; sthānam etaṃ vidyati yaṃ Sudarśanā upa-krameṇa ātmānaṃ māreyā ii.448.12; sthānam etad vidyate yat... Divy 109.14; 159.28; 175.27; 228.12; 273.16; 512.5; Gv 404.23, etc., common; (without yad) sthānaṃ (one ms. adds ca) me... Sudarśanā paribhavati Mv ii.491.19 (so mss., which however are confused); with neg. (cf. Pali n' etaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati), referring to following, na etaṃ sthāna (so read with v.l., m.c.) vidyati, yatra... Mv iii.46.2 (vs); but usually to preceding, nedaṃ sthānaṃ vidyate Vaj 34.8; Mmk 395.3; naitat sth° vi° bbh 25.16; sthānam etan na saṃvidyate LV 215.19 (vs); iti naitat sthānaṃ vidyate SP 333.9. ► p. 610

8、yāna

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

yāna

【对译词】

〈藏〉 theg pa，bzhon pa

【释义】

［中］ ❶ 前进，行进，旅程。❷ 车乘，坐骑。〔古〕乘，骑乘，所乘，乘道，車乘，舆。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

yāna, &c. See ► p. 849c. ► p. 851b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

yā́na, mfn. leading, conducting (said of a road; “to” gen. or adv. in °trā́) RV. ; ► p. 849c yā́nī, f. a path, course TS. MaitrS. Kāṭh. (cf. g. gaurâdi) ; ► p. 849c yā́na, n. (ifc. f(ā).) a journey, travel ; ► p. 849c yā́na, n. going, moving, riding, marching &c. to (loc. or comp.) or upon (instr. or comp.) or against (acc. with prati) Mn.MBh. &c. ; a vehicle of any kind, carriage, waggon, vessel, ship, litter, palanquin RV. &c. &c. ; (with Buddhists) the vehicle or method of arriving at knowledge, the means of release from repeated births (there are either 3 systems, the śrāvaka-yāna, the pratyeka-buddha-y° or pratyeka-y°, and the mahā-y°; or more generally only 2, the mahā-yāna or “Great method” and the hina-y° or “Lesser method;” sometimes there is only “One Vehicle,” the eka-yāna, or “one way to beatitude”) SaddhP.Dharmas. 2 (cf. MWB. 159 &c.) ► p. 849c

9、guṇa

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

guṇa

【对译词】

〈藏〉 yon tan, bsgres pa

【释义】

［阳］ ❶ 〈藏〉 yon tan性质，品质，品德，美德，功德。〔古〕 德，功德，勝德，有德，勝功德。❷ 线，带子，弓弦，琴弦。❸ 〈藏〉 bsgres pa 倍。〔语〕二合元音。〔古〕 倍，倍數。❹ 策略。 【例句】

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

guṇá, m. (√ grah Uṇ.) a single thread or strand of a cord or twine (e.g. tri-g° q.v.), string or thread, rope TS. vii Mṛicch.Kum. Ragh. ; a garland W. ; a bow-string R. iii, 33, 16 (cāpa-) Ragh. ix, 54 Ṛitus. Hit. ; (in geom.) a sinew ; the string of a musical instrument, chord Śiś. iv, 57: ifc. (f(ā). ) with numerals “fold, times” (see cátur-, tri-, daśa-, dví-, pañca-; rarely the numeral stands by itself along with guṇá [e.g. viśiṣṭo daśabhir guṇaiḥ, “of ten times higher value” Mn. ii, 85] AV. x, 8, 43MBh. iii, 15649 Hariv. 509; [guṇa = bhāga] Pāṇ. 5-2, 47 Kāś.) ; a multiplier, co-efficient (in alg.) ; subdivision, species, kind (e.g. gandhasya guṇāḥ, the different kinds of smell MBh. xii, 6847) ; the 6 subdivisions of action for a king in foreign politics (viz. peace, war, march, halt, stratagem, and recourse to the protection of a mightier king) Mn. vii, 160 Yājñ. i, 346MBh. ii, 155 ; = upâya (q.v., denoting the 4 ways of conquering an enemy) R. v, 81, 41 ; “requisite” see °ṇôpêta ; a secondary element, subordinate or unessential part of any action (e.g. sarva-guṇa mfn. “reaching to all subordinate parts,” hence “valid throughout” KātyŚr.) ŚāṅkhŚr. ĀśvŚr. KātyŚr. R. v, 1, 71 ; an auxiliary act ŚāṅkhBr. xxvi, 4 ; a secondary dish (opposed to anna i.e. rice or the chief dish), side-dish Mn. iii, 224 ff. ; (= -karman, in Gr.) the secondary or less immediate object of an action Pāṇ. 1-4, 51 Sch. ; a quality, peculiarity, attribute or property Lāṭy. ŚāṅkhGṛ. Mn. iii, ix, &c. ; an attribute of the 5 elements (each of which has its own peculiar quality or qualities as well as organ of sense; thus 1. ether has śabda, or sound for its Guṇa and the ear for its organ; 2. the air has tangibility and sound for its Guṇas and the skin for its organ; 3. fire or light has shape or colour, tangibility, and sound for its Guṇas, and the eye for its organs; 4. water has flavour, shape, tangibility, and sound for its Guṇas, and the tongue for its organ; 5. earth has the preceding Guṇas, with the addition of its own peculiar Guṇa of smell, and the nose for its organ) Mn. i, 20 and 76-78 MBh. xii, 6846 ff. Śak. i, 1 BhP. iii, 5, 35 ; (in Sāṃkhya phil.) an ingredient or constituent of Prakṛiti, chief quality of all existing beings (viz. sattva, rajas, and tamas i.e. goodness, passion, and darkness, or virtue, foulness, and ignorance; cf. RTL. pp. 31; 36; 163) Mn. i; iii, 40; xii, 24 ff.Sāṃkhyak. Bhag. xiii f. ; (hence) the number “three” VarBṛS. iic, 1 ; a property or characteristic of all created things (in Nyāya phil. twenty-four Guṇas are enumerated, viz. 1. rūpa, shape, colour; 2. rasa, savour; 3. gandha, odour; 4. sparśa, tangibility; 5. saṃkhyā, number; 6. parimāṇa, dimension; 7. pṛthaktva, severalty; 8. saṃyoga, conjunction; 9. vibhāga, disjunction; 10. paratva, remoteness; 11. aparatva, proximity; 12. gurutva, weight; 13. dravatva, fluidity; 14. sneha, viscidity; 15. śabda, sound; 16. buddhi or jñāna, understanding or knowledge; 17. sukha, pleasure; 18. duḥkha, pain; 19. icchā, desire; 20. dveṣa, aversion; 21. prayatna, effort; 22. dharma, merit or virtue; 23. adharma, demerit; 24. saṃskāra, the self-reproductive quality) ; an epithet KātyŚr. ; good quality, virtue, merit, excellence Mn. MBh. &c. ; also “power, might;” āt, “by virtue of,” “in consequence of,” “by means of” ; the merit of composition (consistency, elegance of expression, &c.) Kāvyâd. i, 41 f. Kpr. viii Sāh. viii ; the peculiar properties of the letters (11 in number, viz. the 8 bāhya-prayatnās [q.v.] and the 3 accents) Kāś. on Pāṇ. 1-1, 9 and 50 (cf. -mātra) ; the first gradation of a vowel, the vowels a (with ar, al Pāṇ. 1-1, 51), e, o Nir. x, 17 RPrāt. xi, 6 Pāṇ. ; an organ of sense L. ; a cook (cf. -kāra) L. ; Bhīma-sena (cf. -kāra) L. ; ► p. 357a guṇā, f. Sanseviera Roxburghiana L. ; the plant māṃsarohiṇī L. ; N. of a princess Rājat. iv, 695 (cf. nir-, vi-, sa-; gauṇa.) ► p. 357a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

guṇa, (1) m. (Skt. and Pali id., not recorded in this use), advantage: Mv i.155.7 (vs) kaṃ vā guṇaṃ karoti, or what good does it do? what use is it?; (2) m. (= Pali guṇa), cluster, bouquet, garland: LV 214.19 (vs) sugan-dhamālāṃ guṇapuṣpasaṃcayāṃ (acc. pl.), bunches of flowers in clusters, of garlanded flowers; kaṇṭhe-guṇa, see this; mālā-guṇa-parikṣiptaḥ Mvy 9463. See also antra-guṇa (in which guṇa may perhaps mean lit. garland, chain, i.e. of the intestines). ► p. 212

10、pūrita

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

pūrita

【释义】

［过分］ 充满，覆盖。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

pūrita, mfn. filled, completed &c. ; made full or strong, intensified (as a sound) MBh. ; filled with wind, blown (as a conch) BhP. ; multiplied, overspread W. ► p. 642a

dānaṃ pāramitāṣatkam āmiṣābhayadharmataḥ | ekadvayatrayeṇeha pratipat sā 'pratiṣṭhitā || 5

【支译】檀義攝於六 資生無畏法 此中一二三 名為修行住 5

【净译】六度皆名施 由財無畏法 此中一二三 名修行不住 5

1、dāna

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

dāna

【对译词】

〈巴〉 dāna

〈藏〉 byin pa，sbyin pa，'bul ba，byin par byed pa，sbyin par byed pa，sbyin du 'jug pa

【释义】

［中］ ❶ 布施。〔古〕 捨，與，施，布施，能施，行施，惠捨，惠施，行惠施，施與，應施，奉施，勤施，與作。❷（大象的）颞颥液汁。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

dāna 3., n. purification L. ► p. 475a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

dāná 1., n. the act of giving RV. ŚBr. MBh. &c. ; giving in marriage (cf. kanyā-) ; giving up (cf. prāṇa-, ātma-, śarīra- Pañc. ii) ; communicating, imparting, teaching (cf. brakma-) ; paying back, restoring Mn. Yājñ. ; adding, addition (VarBṛS.) ; donation, gift [Lat. donum] RV. ŚBr. &c. (°naṃdā, to offer a gift Mn. Yājñ. Hit. &c.; °nam prayam, to bestow a gift Mn. iv, 234) ; oblation (cf. udaka-, havir-) ; liberality (cf. 2. dāna) ; bribery Mn. vii, 198 (cf. upâya). ► p. 474a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

dā́na 2., n. cutting off, splitting, dividing L. ; pasture, meadow RV. ; rut-fluid (which flows from an elephant's temples) MBh. Hariv. &c. ; ► p. 474c dāná, m. (only in RV. but cf. vasu-) distribution of food or of a sacrificial meal ; imparting, communicating, liberality ; part, share, possession ; distributor, dispenser RV. vii, 27, 4. ► p. 474c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

(dāna, nt., Skt., gift; as one of the four saṃgraha-vastu, q.v.) ► p. 263

2、pāramitā

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

pāramitā

【对译词】

〈犍〉 paramada

〈巴〉 pāramī, pāramitā

〈藏〉 pha rol tu phyin pa

【释义】

［阴］ 最极，最究竟性，至究竟，到彼岸。〔古〕到彼岸，度，度無極，波羅蜜，波羅蜜多，事究竟。

【变形】

3、ṣaṭka

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ṣaṭka, mfn. consisting of six Lāṭy. RPrāt. Śuśr. &c. (dvi-ṣaṭka = 12 MBh.) ; bought for six &c. Pāṇ. v, 1, 22 ; occurring for the sixth time, doing anything for the sixth time ib. v, 2, 77 Vārtt. ; ► p. 1108c

ṣaṭka, m. six Gaṇit. ► p. 1108c

ṣaṭka, n. a hexade or aggregate of six (ifc. after another numeral e.g. nava-ṣaṭka, “consisting of nine hexades”) Nir. ĀśvŚr. MBh. &c. ; the six passions collectively (viz. kāma, mada, māna, lobha, harṣa, and ruṣā) L. ► p. 1108c

4、āmiṣa

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

āmiṣa

【对译词】

〈藏〉 'du 'dzi，zang zing，zang zing 'thob pa，zang zing dang bcas pa

【释义】

［中］ 肉，食物，猎物，资财；贪欲。〔古〕 財，財贪，財物，財利，財食，爱染，有染。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

āmiṣa, See s.v. ► p. 146b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

āmiṣa, n. (probably connected with 1. āma; fr. √2. miṣ, “to wet” T.), flesh MBh. Mn. Pañcat. Hit. Ragh. &c. ; food, meat, prey ; an object of enjoyment, a pleasing or beautiful object &c. Mn. Ragh. Kathās. &c. ; coveting, longing for ; lust, desire; a gift, boon, fee L. ; ► p. 147a

āmiṣī, f. N. of a plant L. ► p. 147a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

āmiṣa, nt. (except for the strange āmiṣā Mvy 6753; the BHS word also has its Skt. meanings, as well as those listed here, in which it = Pali āmisa; even in Skt. a few occurrences approach this sphere of use, cf. BR s.v., Alles worüber man mit Gier herfällt), lit. or orig. (the) flesh (contrasting with dharma, as in Pali with dhamma, the spirit); worldly things, possessions, or enjoyments, as contrasted with religious or spiritual ones (dharma): Mvy 6753 āmiṣā (! so also Mironov) = Tib. zaṅ ziṅ, matter, object, goods; external goods, earthly possessions (contrasted with internal, spiritual gifts); also śa, meat, and zas, food; sāmiṣaḥ, q.v., Mvy 6751, and nirāmiṣaḥ, q.v., Mvy 6752 (here āmiṣa = Tib. zaṅ ziṅ, only); dual dvandva dharmāmiṣa, spiritual and worldly things, °ṣābhyāṃ yathāśaktyā saṃgrāhakaś ca Bbh 254.21; °ṣābhyāṃ dāne 'matsariṇo Sukh 61.5; atha dharma-miṣam iti bhagavan kaḥ padārthaḥ Laṅk 179.17; āmiṣam Laṅk 180.6, defined at length in 6-13 as including what leads to longing (tṛṣṇā, 10) and rebirth, away from the religious goal; cf. āmiṣasaṃgraho bhavati na dharmasaṃ-graha iti 179.16; lokāmiṣasaṃgraho bhavati na dharma-saṃgraha iti 173.5; lokāmiṣa-phalābhilāṣiṇo (gen. sg.) vā punaḥ lokāmiṣanimittaṃ tathāgatacaityapūjā Bbh 22.25-26; dharmasaṃbhoga āmiṣasaṃbhogo Divy 93.1 spiritual and worldly enjoyment; in Mv iii.55.1, 3 Mahākāśyapa is described as the Lord's dharmajo dharmanirmito dharma-dāyādo na āmiṣadāyādo, spiritually born, spiritually fash-ioned spiritual heir, not physical (or worldly) heir (Pali also uses dhamma- and āmisa-dāyāda); āmiṣalolupaḥ puṅgalo ... bodhisattvena na sevitavyaḥ RP 19.1; apy oṣitā āmiṣapātracīvare (so prob. divide, see oṣita) RP 19.10; āmiṣa-priyāś RP 34.2 fond of worldly things; āmiṣa-guruka-sya RP 35.2 devoted to ... ; nāmiṣaprakṣiptayā samtatyā Śikṣ 128.7, with mental disposition (see saṃtati) not intent on worldly (or material) things; āmiṣa-kiṃcitka, see kiṃ-citka; na labhyaṃ bhikṣavas tenāmiṣeṇāmiṣakṛtyaṃ kartum MSV i.249.12, it is not allowable to pursue enjoyment with this worldly enjoyment (sugar added to food). ► p. 100

5、abhaya

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

a-bhaya

【对译词】

〈藏〉 'jigs pa med pa，mi 'jigs pa

【释义】

〔古〕無畏。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

á-bhaya, mf(ā)n. unfearful, not dangerous, secure ; ► p. 60c

a-bháya, mfn. fearless, undaunted ŚBr. xiv ; ► p. 60c

á-bhaya, m. N. of Śiva ; of a natural son of Bimbisāra ; of a son of Idhmajihva BhP. ; of a river in Krauñcadvīpa BhP. ; ► p. 60c

á-bhayā, f. the plant Terminalia Chebula ; ► p. 60c

á-bhaya, n. (ifc. f(ā).) absence or removal of fear, peace, safety, security RV. &c. (cf. ábhaya-tama below) ; “safety,” (applied as proper name to) a child of Dharma and his reign in Plakshadvīpa BhP. ; a kind of symbol procuring security Hcat. ; a sacrificial hymn recited to obtain personal security Kauś. ; the root of a fragrant grass, Andropogon Muricatum. ► p. 60c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

Abhaya, m. (1) n. of a king of Kaliṅga, converted by Buddha: Mv 1.178.11; 180.6, 9; (2) n. of a sārthavāha: Mv ii.2.11; (3) n. of a former Buddha: Mv iii.237.1f.; (4) n. of a people (? cf. Kirfel, Kosm. 76); sc. lipi, the script used by them: Mv i.135.7, read ramaṭhābhaya- for text ramaṭha-bhaya- (v.l. cama°); (5)n. of a son of King Bimbisāra and Āmrapālī (not corresponding exactly to Pali Abhaya, either 2 or 3 in DPPN, but perhaps a confusion of the two): MSV ii.22.20 ff. ► p. 49

6、dharmatā

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

dharmatā

【对译词】

〈藏〉 chos nyid，chos

【释义】

［阴］ 法性。〔古〕法，法爾，法性。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

dhárma-tā, f. essence, inherent nature Buddh. ; the being law or right Jātakam. ; ► p. 511a

dhárma-tayā, ind. ifc. by way or means of. Divyâv. ► p. 511a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

dharmatā (= Pali dhammatā), natural and normal custom, habit, natural condition, what is to be expected, normal state, rule, standard custom, ordinary thing; (as in Pali) often in n. sg., frequently at the beginning of a sentence and often followed by khalu (sometimes hi), (you are to know that) it is the regular thing, often then gen. of person, as e. g. buddhānāṃ, rarely loc., and a clause stating what the 'regular thing' is; but sometimes also referring to what precedes: dharmatā (usually foll. by khalu or hi) ... Mv i.338.19 ( ... (i)yaṃ teṣāṃ sattvānāṃ ... ); iii.255.17 ( ... buddhānāṃ ... ); Divy 3.2; 18.8;' 67.16, etc.; Av i.4.6; 10.6, etc.; Jm 88.3; 98.16; iyam atra dharmatā LV 219.5; RP 10.9; dharmatā hy eṣā dharmāṇāṃ Laṅk 9.4 (vs), for this is the normal condition of states-of-existence; lokahitāna dharmatā SP 392.2 (vs); buddhānāṃ eṣā (read with v.l. eṣa, m.c.) dharmatā Mv iii.327.12 (vs); loc, eṣa buddheṣu dharmatā Ud xxi.12 (same vs with gen. in Pali AN ii.21.22); dharmatā-pratilambha eṣa caramabhā-vikānāṃ bodhisattvānāṃ ... LV 161.12 (here I fail to see that -pratilambha adds anything in particular; the cpd. seems to mean about the same as dharmatā alone, it is the established, normal procedure ... ); (bodhisattva-sya ... ) abhijñādharmatā LV 85.10, normal state of (having the) abhijñā; dharmatā-prāpta Mv i.301.8, arrived at the normal (correct, to-be-expected) state, said of the mind of a Pratyekabuddha; pratyātma-dharmatā-śuddhaṃ (nayaṃ) Laṅk 8.1 (vs); śruṇuya yo ti dharmatāṃ LV 54.2 (vs), who ever hears your true nature (regular procedure; contrasted with one who just sees or listens, i.e. to a few words); lokānuvartanakriyā-dharmatāṃ anuvartya LV 179.18; jarādharmatāyām anatītāḥ Mv ii.151.7, not free from (subjection to) the normal condition of old age; jāti-dharmatāyāḥ (abl.) Av i.211.15, from the normal condition of birth; instr., by the method (means) of ... , by way of ... . (śatana-patana-vikiraṇa-) vidhvaṃsana-dharmatayā Divy 180.24; 281.31; atyantakṣīṇakṣaya-dharmatayā (so, as cpd.) niruddhāḥ LV 419.16 (vs), Tib. śin tu zad ciṅ byaṅ baḥi chos-ñid-kyis (dharmatayā) ni ḥgags; paramagatigato 'si dharmatāye Mv iii.381.8, you have gone to the highest goal according to your natural, normal procedure; dharmatāṃ vā pratisaraty Bbh 255.13, see pratisarati. In Bhad 3 Leumann interprets dharmata-dhātuṃ as m.c. for dhar-matā-dh° which he assumes = dharma-dh°; but dharmata is rather for °taḥ, abl. of dharma, as a separate word. ► p. 278

7、eka

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

eka

【对译词】

〈藏〉 gcig，gcig pu

【释义】

［代］ 一个，唯一。〔古〕 一，唯一，独。eke…eke 一些…另一些…

【变形】

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

éka, mfn. (√i Uṇ. iii, 43, probably fr. a base e; cf. Zd. ae-va; Gk. $, $; Goth. ai-n-s; also Lat. aequu-s; g. sarvâdi Pāṇ. 1-1, 27; see Gr. 200) , one (eko'pi, or ekaś-cana, with na preceding or following, no one, nobody; the words ekayā na or ekān naare used before decade numerals to lessen them by one e.g. ekān na triṃśat, twenty-nine) RV. &c. ; (with and without eva) alone, solitary, single, happening only once, that one only (frequently ifc.; cf. dharmaîka-rakṣa, &c.) RV. &c. ; the same, one and the same, identical ŚBr. v KātyŚr. Mn. &c. ; one of two or many (eka - eka, eka - dvitīya, the one - the other; esp. pl. eke, some, eke - apare some - others, &c.) ŚBr. KātyŚr. MBh. Hit. &c. ; (eka repeated twice, either as a compound [cf. ekaîka] or uncompounded, may have the sense “one and one,” “one by one” RV. i, 20, 7; 123, 8; v, 52, 17 R. BhP. &c.) ; single of its kind, unique, singular, chief, pre-eminent, excellent Ragh. Kathās. Kum. &c. ; sincere, truthful MW. ; little, small L. ; (sometimes used as an indefinite article) , a, an R. Śak. Vet. &c. (the fem. of eka before a Taddhita suffix and as first member of a compound is eka not ekā Pāṇ. 6-3, 62) ; ► p. 227c

éka, m. N. of a teacher Āp. ; of a son of Raya BhP. ; ► p. 227c

ékā, f. N. of Durgā ; ► p. 227c

éka, n. unity, a unit (ifc.) Hcat. ► p. 227c

8、dvaya

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

dvaya

【对译词】

〈藏〉 gnyis

【释义】

［形］ 两个。

［中］ 两个，二者。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

dvayá, mf(ī)n. (fr. and in comp = dvi) twofold, double, of 2 kinds or sorts RV. AV. Br. MBh. &c. (°ye m. pl. Śiś. iii, 57) ; ► p. 503b

dvayī, f. couple, pair Naish. Rājat. ; ► p. 503b

dvaya, n. couple, pair ; two things, both ( e.g. tejo-, the 2 luminaries Śak. iv, 2) Yājñ. MBh. Kāv. &c. (ifc. ā R. i, 29, 14) ; twofold nature, falsehood RV. i, 147, 4 &c. ; the masc. and fem. gender Gr. ; ► p. 503b

dvayam, ind. between Śiś. iii, 3. [cf. Zd. dvaya; Gk. $.] ► p. 503b

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

dvaya (nt.), (sexual) coupling, copulation: sa nehaiva mātṛgrāmeṇa sārdhaṃ dvayaṃ samāpadyate Śikṣ 76.8, he does not by any means enter into copulation with a woman; dvaya-dvaya-samāpattiḥ Mvy 9469, copulation, lit. attaining (entering into, sc. a state of) couple by couple. ► p. 273

9、traya

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

traya

【对译词】

〈巴〉 taya

〈藏〉 gsum

【释义】

［形］ 三。

［中］ 三种。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

trayá, mf(ī́)n. (fr. trí Pāṇ. 5-2, 43) triple, threefold, consisting of 3, of 3 kinds RV. x, 45, 2 AV. iv, 11, 2 VS. &c. (°yī́ vidyā́), “the triple sacred science,” reciting hymns, performing sacrifices, and chanting [RV., YV., and SV.] ŚBr. AitBr. &c. ; ► p. 457b

trayá, n. a triad (chiefly ifc.) ChUp. KaṭhUp. Mn. &c. ; ► p. 457b

trayī́, f. id. see śata- ; ► p. 457b

trayá, n. = °yī́ vidyā́ Gaut. Mn. &c. ; the Buddh. triad (Buddha, Dharma, and Saṃgha) Hcar. viii ; summit Bālar. i, 28 ; a woman whose husband and children are living L. ; Venonia anthelminthica L. ; su-mati L. ► p. 457b

10、pratipat

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

prati-√pat, P. -patati, to hasten towards, run to meet (acc.) MBh. ► p. 667a

11、sa

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 sa

【释义】 ［前缀］ 有，连同，一起，和，带着，具有。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1137c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) . ► p. 1139a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1140b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, See 5. sa, ► p. 1111b. ► p. 1140c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1141b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1148b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1151a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1151b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa 1., (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1181c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) ► p. 1183a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1189c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1190c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1191c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) ► p. 1192a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1195a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa 1., the last of the three sibilants (it belongs to the dental class and in sound corresponds to s in sin). ► p. 1111b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa 2., (in prosody) an anapest ( ˘ ˘ ¯ ) ► p. 1111b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa 3., (in music) an abbreviated term for ṣaḍ-ja (See ► p. 1109b) . ► p. 1111b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa 4., m. (only L.) a snake ; air, wind ; a bird ; N. of Vishṇu or Śiva ; ► p. 1111b

sā, f. N. of Lakshmi or Gaurī ; ► p. 1111b

sa, n. knowledge ; meditation ; a carriage road ; a fence. ► p. 1111b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa 5., mfn. (fr. √ san) procuring, bestowing (only ifc.; cf. palu-ṣá and priya-sá). ► p. 1111b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sá 6., the actual base for the nom. case of the 3rd pers. pron. tád q.v. (occurring only in the nom. sg. m.f. [sá or sás, sā], and in the Ved. loc. [sásmin RV. i, 152, 6; i, 174, 4; x, 95, 11]; the final s of the nom. m. is dropped before all consonants [except before p in RV. v, 2, 4, and before t in RV. viii, 33, 16] and appears only at the end of a sentence in the form of Visarga; sa occasionally blends with another vowel [as in saîṣaḥ]; and it is often for emphasis connected with another pron. as with aham, tvam, eṣa, ayam &c. [e.g. so 'ham sa tvam, “I (or thou) that very person;” cf. under tád, p.434] , the verb then following in the 1st and 2nd pers. even if aham or tvam be omitted [e.g. sa tvā pṛcchāmi “I that very person ask you” BṛĀrUp.; sa vai no brūhi “do thou tell us” ŚBr.]; similarly, to denote emphasis, with bhavān [e.g. sa bhavān vijayāya pratiṣṭhatām, “let your Highness set out for victory” Śak.]; it sometimes [and frequently in the Brāhmaṇas] stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a rel. pronoun or adv. such as ya, yad, yadi, yathā, cêd; in this position sa may be used pleonastically or as a kind of ind., even where another gender or number is required [e.g. sa yadi sthāvarā āpo bhananti, “if those waters are stagnant” ŚBr.]; in the Sāṃkhya sa, like eṣa, ka, and ya, is used to denote Purusha, “the Universal Soul”) RV. &c. &c. [cf. Zd. hō, hā; Gk. ὁ, $.] ► p. 1111b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa 7., ind. (connected with saha, sam, sama, and occasionally in BhP. standing for saha with instr.) an inseparable prefix expressing “junction” , “conjunction” , “possession”(as opp. to a priv.), “similarity,” “equality” ; (and when compounded with nouns to form adjectives and adverbs it may be translated by “with,” “together or along with,” “accompanied by,” “added to,” “having,” “possessing,” “containing,” “having the same” [cf. sa-kopa, sâgni, sa-bhāya, sa-droṇa, sa-dharman, sa-varṇa]; or it may = “ly,” as in sa-kopam, “angrily,” sôpadhi, “fraudulently”) RV. &c. &c. [cf. Gk. $ in $; Lat. sim in simplex; sem in semel, semper Eng. same.] ► p. 1111b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1123c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1125a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

sa, (to be similarly prefixed to the following) : ► p. 1130c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

sa-, inseparable prefix in 'pleonastic' positive use, as opp. of neg. (= Pali id., see Childers); sace(t), saca, sa-cchambita, saśakya, sāntarabahis, santika and sā° (°ke), see s.vv.: (lokapālān yakṣarākṣasa-)-gandharvabhu-jagagaṇa-saparivṛtān LV 209.19 (prose), attended by crowds of...; paribubhukṣitā (so Senart em., mss. paribhuk°) sma sapipāsitā (Senart em. saṃpi°, but no such cpd. is recorded) sma Mv i.8.2 (prose), we are hungry, we are thirsty; ayoguḍā hi agnismiṃ yathā-d-iva (so mss.) sa-tāpitā (so mss.) Mv i.15.15 (vs); this could be interpreted as m.c. for saṃtāpitā(ḥ), which Senart reads (unmetr.) by em.; sa-pṛthagjanasevitaṃ (dharmaṃ) Mv i.33.13 (vs); sajaḍaḥ sajaḍataro bhavati Śikṣ 152.12 (prose), he is stupid, very stupid. Cf. sajyotibhūta, satejobhūta, which do not require similar interpretation. (In sayyathīdaṃ, °thāpi, etc., the pronoun sa, tad, is concerned.) ► p. 538

12、apratiṣṭhita （或13）

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

á-pratiṣṭhita, mfn. id. ŚBr. AitBr. TBr. ; unlimited BhP. Jain. ► p. 58a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

a-pratiṣṭhita, not permanently fixed: °to nirvāṇe, of a Tathāgata, Mvy 406; °ta-nirvāṇa Mvy 1728, nirvāṇa qui n'est pas l'arrêt, Lévi, Sūtrāl. Transl. iii.3 note 4, which see on this term; it is the Mahāyānistic nirvāṇa in which the Tathāgata returns to worldly life to save creatures, tho remaining incapable of personal involvement in it. Gf. apratiṣṭhā-. ► p. 48

13、pratiṣṭhita

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

pratiṣṭhita

【对译词】

〈藏〉 brten pa，gnas par gyur pa

【释义】

［过分］ 确立，建立，完成。〔古〕 安立，依托。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

práti-ṣṭhita, mfn. (práti.) standing, stationed, placed, situated in or on (loc. or comp.) MBh. R. &c. ; abiding or contained in (loc.) ŚBr. &c. &c. ; fixed, firm, rooted, founded, resting or dependent on (loc. or comp.) AV. &c. &c. ; established, proved Mn. viii, 164 ; ordained for, applicable to (loc.) ib., 226 ; secure, thriving, well off ChUp. Hariv. &c. ; familiar or conversant with (loc.) MBh. ; transferred to (loc.) Hariv. ; undertaken Pañcat. (B. anu-ṣṭhita) ; ascended into, having reached (comp.) Śak. vii, 4/5 (v.l.) ; complete, finished W. ; consecrated ib. ; endowed, portioned ib. ; established in life, married ib. ; prized, valued ib. ; famous, celebrated ib. ; ► p. 671c

práti-ṣṭhita, m. N. of Vishṇu A. ► p. 671c

ātmabhāve pratikṛtau vipāke cāpy asaktatā | apravṛttitadanyārthapravṛttiparivarjane ||6||

【支译】自身及報恩 果報斯不著 護存己不施 防求於異事 6

【净译】為離於不起 及離為餘行 6

1、ātman

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

ātman

【对译词】

〈巴〉 attan, atta

〈藏〉 bdag，bdag cag，bdag nyid，rang

【释义】

［阳］ ❶ 呼吸。❷ 自己，自我，身体，自身，可作反身代词使用。❸ 灵魂，本性，本体，心灵，思想。〔哲〕我，自体。〔古〕 我，自，己，己事，己身，身，性，自身。

单③④⑤: ātmanā，ātmane，ātmanaḥ。

【例句】

《嘉言》Hit：

kathaṃ mārātmake tvayi viśvāsaḥ

怎么能相信嗜杀成性的你呢？

《嘉言》Hit：

ity uktvā tatsamīpa ātmanam ācchādya sthitaḥ saḥ

这样说完以后，它就藏身于鹿的旁边。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ātmán, m. (variously derived fr. an, to breathe; at, to move; vā, to blow; cf. tmán) the breath RV. ; the soul, principle of life and sensation RV. AV. &c. ; the individual soul, self, abstract individual [e.g. ātmán (Ved. loc.) dhatte, or karoti, “he places in himself,” makes his own TS. v ŚBr.; ātmanā akarot, “he did it himself” Kād.; ātmanā vi-√yuj, “to lose one's life” Mn. vii, 46; ātman in the sg. is used as reflexive pronoun for all three persons and all three genders e.g. ātmānaṃ sā hanti, “she strikes herself;” putram ātmanaḥ spṛṣṭvā nipetatuḥ, “they two having touched their son fell down” R. ii, 64, 28; see also below s.v. ātmanā ] ; essence, nature, character, peculiarity (often ifc. e.g. karmâtman, &c.) RV. x, 97, 11, &c. ; the person or whole body considered as one and opposed to the separate members of the body VS. ŚBr. ; the body Ragh. i, 14RāmatUp. ; (ifc.) “the understanding, intellect, mind” see naṣṭâtman, mandâ° ; the highest personal principle of life, Brahma (cf. paramâtman) AV. x, 8, 44 VS. xxxii, 11 ŚBr. xiv, &c. ; effort L. ; (= dhṛti) firmness L. ; the sun L. ; fire L. ; a son L.; [Old Germ. ātum ; Angl.Sax. oedhm; Mod. Germ. Athem, Odem; Gk. ἀϋτμήν, (?).] ► p. 135a

2、bhāva

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

bhāva

【对译词】

〈藏〉 dngos po，yod pa

【释义】

［阳］ ❶ 存在，事物。❷ 状态，性质，样貌。❸ 性情，情感，情态，表情，行为。

〔古〕 身，事，事物，体，有，有性，性，類，性類。

【例句】

《中论颂》15.3-4：svabhāvaparabhāvābhyām ṛte bhāvaḥ kutaḥ punaḥ | svabhāve parabhāve ca sati bhāvo hi sidhyati ||

‹什› 離自性、他性，何得更有法？

若有自、他性，諸法則得成。

‹叶› 若离自性与他性，从何而又有事物？

有自性与他性在，事物才得成立故。

《艳情百咏》2：smitena bhāvena ca lajjayā bhiyā parāṅmukhair ardhakaṭākṣavīkṣaṇaiḥ | vacobhir īrṣyākalahena līlayā samastabhāvaiḥ khalu bandhanaṃ striyaḥ || 由微笑与情态，娇羞与惊恐， 背过脸去，目光半斜睨， 语言、妒意争吵与妩媚， 由此等合一体故，女人便是缚缠。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

bhāva, &c. See p.754&c. ► p. 760b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

bhāvá, m. (√ bhū) becoming, being, existing, occurring, appearance ŚvetUp. KātyŚr. &c. ; turning or transition into (loc. or comp.) MBh. RPrāt. ; continuance (opp. to cessation; ekôti-bhāva, continuity of the thread of existence through successive births Buddh., wrongly translated under ekôti-bh°) MBh. ; state, condition, rank (with sthāvira, old age; anyam bhāvam āpadyate, euphem. = he dies; state of being anything, esp. ifc. e.g. bālabhāva, the state of being a child, childhood = bālatā or -tva; sometimes added pleonastically to an abstract noun e.g. tanutā-bhāva, the state of thinness) Up. ŚrS. MBh.&c. ; true condition or state, truth, reality (ibc. and °vena ind. really, truly) MBh. Hariv. ; manner of being, nature, temperament, character (eko bhāvaḥ or eka-bh°, a simple or artless nature; bhāvo bhāvaṃ nigacchati = birds of a feather flock together) MBh. Kāv. &c. ; manner of acting, conduct, behaviour Kāv. Sāh. ; any state of mind or body, way of thinking or feeling, sentiment, opinion, disposition, intention (yādṛśena bhāvena, with whatever disposition of mind; bhāvam amaṅgalaṃ-√kṛ, with loc., to be ill disposed against; bhāvaṃ dṛḍhaṃ-√kṛ, to make a firm resolution) Mn. MBh.&c. ; (in rhet.) passion, emotion (2 kinds of Bhāvas are enumerated, the sthāyin or primary, and vyabhicārin or subordinate; the former are 8 or 9 according as the Rasas or sentiments are taken to be 8 or 9; the latter 33 or 34) Kāv. Sāh. Pratāp. &c. ; conjecture, supposition Mn. Pañcat. ; purport, meaning, sense (iti bhāvaḥ, “such is the sense” = ity arthaḥ or ity abhiprâyaḥ, constantly used by commentators at the end of their explanations) ; love, affection, attachment (bhāvaṃ-√kṛ, with loc., to feel an affection for) MBh. Kāv. &c. ; the seat of the feelings or affections, heart, soul, mind (parituṣṭena bhāvena, with a pleased mind) ŚvetUp. Mn. MBh. &c. ; that which is or exists, thing or substance, being or living creature (sarva-bhāvāḥ, all earthly objects; bhāvāḥ sthāvara-jaṅgamāḥ, plants and animals) MuṇḍUp. MBh. &c. ; (in dram.) a discreet or learned man (as a term of address = respected sir) Mṛicch. Mālav. Mālatīm. ; (in astron.) the state or condition of a planet L. ; an astrological house or lunar mansion ib. ; N. of the 27th Kalpa (s.v.) ib. ; of the 8th (42nd) year in Jupiter's cycle of 60 years VarBṛS. ; (in gram.) the fundamental notion of the verb, the sense conveyed by the abstract noun (esp. as a term for an impersonal passive or neuter verb having neither agent nor object expressed e.g. pacyate, “there is cooking” or “cooking is going on”) Pāṇ. 3-1, 66; 107 &c. ; N. of the author of the Bhāvaprakāśa (= miśra-bhāva) Cat. ; wanton sport, dalliance L. ; birth L. ; place of birth, the womb L. ; the world, universe L. ; an organ of sense L. ; superhuman power L. ; the Supreme Being L. ; advice, instruction L. ; contemplation, meditation L. (cf. -samanvita). ; ► p. 754b

bhāvena, ind., see bhāva , really, truly ► p. 754b

3、pratikṛta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 pratikṛta

【对译词】

〈藏〉 bcos pa

【释义】 〔古〕悔除。〈藏〉 lan glon pa 施。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

prati-kṛta, mfn. returned, repaid, requited &c. R. ; ► p. 664c

prati-kṛta, n. recompense, requital MBh. ; resistance, opposition Ragh. ► p. 664c

4、vipāka

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 vipāka

【对译词】

〈藏〉 rnam par smin pa

【释义】 ［形］ 果熟，异熟。

【例句】 《唯识三十论释》：

tatra kuśalākuśalakarmavāsanāparipākavaśād yathâkṣepaṃ phalābhinirvṛttir vipākaḥ | de la las dge ba dang mi dge ba’i bag chags yongs su smin pa’i dbang gis ji ltar ’phangs pa’i ’bras bu mngon par ’grub pa ni rnam par smin pa’o ||

其中，由于善不善习气成熟的力量，随牵引而有的果之生成，就是异熟。

〖vipākavāsanā〗 〈藏〉 rnam par smin pa'i bag chags 异熟习气。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ví-pāka, mf(ā)n. ripe, mature RV. ; ► p. 973b

ví-pāka, m. cooking, dressing (= pacana) L. ; ripening, maturing (esp. of the fruit of actions), effect, result, consequence (of actions in the present or former births pursuing those who commit them through subsequent existences) Yājñ. MBh. &c. ; maturing of food (in the stomach), digestion conversion of food into a state for assimilation MBh. Hariv. Suśr. ; bad digestion Car. ; any change of form or state Uttarar. ; calamity, distress, misfortune Yājñ. Uttarar. ; withering, fading Śiś. ; “sweat” or “flavour” (sveda or svāda) L. ; (ibc.) subsequently, afterwards (see comp.) ► p. 973b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

vi-pāka, vi-pākin See under vi-√pac, p.973. ► p. 974c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

vipāka, m. (Skt. and Pali id.), maturation, coming to fruition (of action): °ka-stha, of Buddhas, = vaipākika, q.v.; °ka-maheśākhya, see this; °ka-phalam Mvy 2276, one of the 5 phala, q.v. (2), expl. by iṣṭahetutvena in Sūtrāl. xvii.31 comm., in Bbh 102.19-20 by akuśalānāṃ dharmāṇām apāyeṣu vipāko vipacyate, kuśala-sāsravāṇāṃ sugatau; -karma-samādāna-hetuso-vipākaso-(for °śo; according to causes and results)-jñāna- LV 433.6; dattvā ca vipākāpratikāṅkṣī LV 181.2, not looking for 'maturation' i. e. recompense, reward (for the gift.) ► p. 492

5、asakta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 asakta

【对译词】

〈藏〉 zhen pa med pa，chags pa med pa，thogs pa med pa

【释义】 ［形］ 不执着的。〔古〕 無爱，無礙，不爱，不染，無滞，不留滞，無所滞礙。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

a-sakta, mfn. not stopped or intercepted by or at (loc.; said of arrows and of a sword) MBh. iii, 1602; xiv, 2189 ; (in the same sense a-saṅga Ragh. iii, 63) ; free from ties, independent, Sāṅkhyak. ; detached from worldly feelings or passions, unattached or indifferent to (loc.) Mn. ii, 13 Ragh. &c. ; ► p. 118a

a-saktam, ind. without obstacle or resistance Hariv. 9741 R. iii, 75, 6 ; uninterruptedly Kir. iv, 31 Kām. ; immediately, at once Daś. ► p. 118a

[Add.] eternal, continual, L. ► p. 1318b

6、apravṛtti

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 apravṛtti

【对译词】

〈藏〉 'jug par mi 'gyur ba，mi 'jug pa

【释义】 ［］ 〔古〕止息，滅，不起。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

a-pravṛtti, f. not proceeding ; no further effect or applicability of a precept KātyŚr. ; abstaining from action, inertion, non-excitement ; want of news about (gen.), R. ; (in med.) suppression of the natural evacuations, constipation, ischury, &c. ; ► p. 59a

a-pravṛtti, mfn. inactive, KaushUp. ► p. 1314c

7、tadanya

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 tadanya

【对译词】

〈藏〉 de ma yin pa，de las gzhan pa

【释义】 〔古〕餘，其餘，所餘，諸餘，外所餘。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

tád-anya, mfn. other than that L. ► p. 434a

8、artha

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 artha一级词汇

【对译词】

〈巴〉 attha，aṭṭha，aṭṭa

〈藏〉 don, tha tshig

【释义】 ［阳］ ❶ 意义，意思。〔古〕 義，義趣，義理。 …ity arthaḥ 即……之义。❷ 目的，功用。

artham/arthe/arthena/arthāya与⑥连用或作复合后词 〈藏〉 phyir 为了求……。〔古〕 求，追求。❸ 利，利益，事情，财富，与法（dharma）、欲（kāma）并称人生三大目的。 〔古〕 義利，利，利益，利益事，饶益，事，事务，事義。 ❹ 〔哲〕 对象，境。❺ 实体。〔古〕義，義性。

【例句】

❷《那罗传》：

sa prajārthe paraṃ yatnam akarot susamāhitaḥ |

他一心一意为了求得子嗣，做了很大努力。

《五卷书》1.388：

tyajed ekaṃ kulasyâthe grāmasyârthe kulaṃ tyajet | grāmaṃ janapadasyârthe svātmārthe pṛthivīṃ tyajet || 为一族，一人可舍，为一村，一族可舍 为一国，一村可舍，为求本我，大地可舍。

《嘉言》Hit 0.12：

ko ’rthaḥ putreṇa jātena yo na vidvān na dhārmikaḥ | kāṇena cakṣuṣā kiṃ vā cakṣuḥ pīḍaîva kevalam || 若不博学而知法，生此儿子有何益？ 要此独眼有何用？若此眼唯是疼痛。

❹《薄伽梵歌》2.58：

yadā saṃharate câyaṃ kūrmo ’ṅgānîva sarvaśaḥ | indriyāṇîndriyārthebhyas tasya prajñā pratiṣṭhitā || 当人从根之对境，如龟收摄肢体般， 彻底收摄回诸根，此人智慧乃坚定。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ártha, m.n. [in RV. i-ix only n. ► p. 90c; in RV. x six times n. and thrice m.; in later Sanskṛit only m.] aim, purpose (very often artham, arthena, arthāya, and arthe ifc. or with gen. “for the sake of, on account of, in behalf of, for”) ; cause, motive, reason Mn. ii, 213, &c. ; advantage, use, utility (generally named with kāma and dharma see tri-varga; used in wishing well to another dat. or gen. Pāṇ. 2-3, 73) ; thing, object (said of the membrum virile ŚBr. xiv) ; object of the senses VarBṛS. ; (hence) the number “five” , Sūryas. ; substance, wealth, property, opulence, money ; (hence in astron.) N. of the second mansion, the mansion of wealth (cf, dhana) VarBṛS. ; personified as the son of Dharma and Buddhi BhP. ; affair, concern (Ved. often acc. ártham with √ i, or gam, to go to one's business, take up one's work RV. &c.) ; (in law) lawsuit, action ; having to do with (instr.), wanting, needing anything (instr.), SBr, &c. ; sense, meaning, notion (cf. artha-śabdauandarthāt s.v. below and vedatattvârtha-vid) ; manner, kind L., prohibition, prevention L. ; price (for argha q.v.) L. ; ► p. 90c

árthāt, abl. ind. see s.v. below ; ► p. 90c

árthe, loc. ind. with √1. kṛ (g. sakṣād-ādi q.v.) ► p. 90c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953 【释义】 artha, nt. (as in RV generally; in later Skt. only m.), aim, goal, etc.: idam eva cārthaṃ (acc.) SP 97.5 (vs); paramārtham etat (acc.) 8,10 (vss); yad arthaṃ samudāgato tad artham abhisambhāvayitvā Mv i.4.12, formula re-peated i.34.1 etc.; in these two occurrences all mss. yad, tad. (As one of the four pratisaṃvid, see this.) ► p. 66

9、pravṛtti

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 pravṛtti

【对译词】

〈藏〉 'jug pa，'byung ba，zhugs pa

【释义】 ［阴］ ❶ 前进，活动，运转，行动，行为，作用。❷ 出现，来临，显示，开始。❸ 消息。〔古〕 轉，流轉，轉生，轉作，生，起，生起，行，前進，入，進，增长，成，造，作事，舒用，流布，所作，生死。

【例句】 《嘉言》Hit：

kiṃ tv asminn ātmasaṃdehe pravṛttir na vidheyā |

然而，不应涉足这件冒生命危险的事情。

《嘉言》Hit：

sarvatra arthārjane pravrṛttiḥ saṃdeha eva |

在所有获取财富的事情上，行动即是危险。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

pra-vṛtti, f. moving onwards, advance, progress GṛŚrS. MBh. Suśr. ; coming forth, appearance, manifestation ŚvetUp. Kālid. Rājat. ; rise, source, origin. MBh. ; activity, exertion, efficacy, function Kap. Sāṃkhyak. MBh. &c. (in the Nyāya one of the 82 Prameyas IW. 63) ; active life (as opp. to ni-vṛtti [q.v.] and to contemplative devotion, and defined as consisting of the wish to act, knowledge of the means, and accomplishment of the object) W. ; giving or devoting one's self to, prosecution of. course or tendency towards, inclination or predilection for (loc. or comp.) Rājat. Hit. Sāh. ; application, use, employment Mn. MBh. MārkP. ; conduct, behaviour, practice Mn. MBh. &c. ; the applicability or validity of a rule KātyŚr. Pāṇ. Sch. ; currency, continuance, prevalence ib. ; fate, lot, destiny R. ; news, tidings, intelligence of (gen. or comp.) MBh. Kāv. &c. ; cognition (with viṣaya-vatī, “a sensuous cognition”) Yogas. ; the exudation from the temples of a rutting elephant L. (cf. Vikr. iv, 47) ; N. of Avanti or Oujein or any holy place L. ; (in arithm.) the multiplier W. (w.r. for pra-kṛti?) ► p. 694a

10、parivarjana

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 parivarjana

【对译词】

〈藏〉 yongs su spong ba

【释义】 ［中］ 离，远离，舍，舍离；除；避；弃损。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

pari-varjana, n. the act of avoiding, giving up, escaping, abstaining from (gen. or comp.) Mn. MBh. &c. ; killing, slaughter L. ► p. 601b

pragraho maṇḍale tredhā nimittāc cittavāraṇam | uttarottarasaṃdehajanmataś ca nivāraṇā ||7||

【支译】調伏彼事中 遠離取相心 及斷種種疑 亦防生成心 7

【净译】攝伏在三輪 於相心除遣 後後諸疑惑 隨生皆悉除 7

1、pragraha

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 pragraha

【对译词】

〈藏〉 rab tu 'dzin pa

【释义】 〔古〕舉。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

pra-graha, m. (ifc. f(ā).) holding in front, stretching forth MBh. ; seizing, clutching, taking hold of (°haṃ gataḥ, seized, taken) ib. Hariv. ; a partic. manner of fighting MBh. (= śatror uttānapā-tanârtham pādâkarṣaṇam, or = gala-hastakaḥ Nīlak.) ; the seizure of the sun or moon, beginning of an eclipse (cf. graha) Sūryas. ; friendly reception, kindness, favour MBh. Hariv. ; obstinacy, stubbornness (°haṃgataḥ, obstinate, stubborn) MBh. ; a rein, bridle KaṭhUp. MBh. &c. ; a ray of light (like all words meaning “rein” or “bridle”) L. ; a rope, halter, cord, string, thong MBh. ; the cord or string suspending a balance L. ; a guide, leader, ruler (also as N. of Vishṇu-Kṛishṇa) MBh. ; a companion, satellite ib. ; binding L. ; taming, breaking (a horse) L. ; the arm L. ; a species of plant Car. (Cassis Fistula L.) ; a vowel not subject to the rules of Saṃdhi TPrāt. ( -tva n. Sch.; cf. 1. pra-gṛhya) ; N. of a partic. sacrificial rite (also -homa KātyŚr. Sch.) ; ► p. 656b

pra-graha, mf(ā)n. receiving, kind, hospitable (with sabhā f. a hall of reception, an audience hall) R. (B.) ; ► p. 656b

pra-graha, mf(ā)n. = ūrdhvabāhu (?) R. Sch. (cf. práñjali-pragr°) ► p. 656b

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】 pragraha (m.? = Pali paggaha), exertion, energetic activity: Bbh 205.16 (see pragṛhṇāti; contrasted with śamatha-kāle, prec. line). ► p. 357

2、maṇḍala

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 maṇḍala

【释义】 ❶ ［形］ 圆形的；圆形。［中］ 圆，圆圈，圆轮，圆形物，坛城，地域，国土。〔古〕 輪，圆，圆满，圆满輪，圆满處，中围，曼荼羅，曼拏羅，界，地。❷ 集体，集合，聚会〔古〕 会，衆，军，军队。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

máṇḍala, mf(ā)n. circular, round VarBṛS. ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍala, n. (rarely m. g. ardharcâdi, and f.(ī) g. ganrâdi) a disk (esp. of the sun or moon) ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍala, n. anything round (but in Hcat. also applied to anything triangular; cf. maṇḍalaka) ; a circle (instr. “in a circle;” also “the charmed circle of a conjuror”) , globe, orb, ring, circumference, ball, wheel ŚBr. &c. &c. ; the path or orbit of a heavenly body Sūryas. ; a halo round the sun or moon VarBṛS. ; a ball for playing MBh. ; a circular bandage (in surgery) Suśr. ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍala, n. (also n. pl.) a sort of cutaneous eruption or leprosy with circular spot ib. ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍala, n. a round mole or mark (caused by a finger-nail &c.) on the body Lāṭy. KātyŚr. Sch. ; a circular array of troops MBh. Kām. ; a partic. attitude in shooting L. ; a district, arrondissement, territory, province, country (often at the end of modern names e.g. Coro-mandal coast) Inscr. AV.Pariś. MBh. &c. ; a surrounding district or neighbouring state, the circle of a king's near and distant neighbours (with whom he must maintain political and diplomatic relations; 4 or 6 or 10 or even 12 such neighbouring princes are enumerated) Mn. (esp. vii, 154 &c.) Yājñ. MBh. &c. ; a multitude, group, band, collection, whole body, society, company Yājñ. MBh. Kāv. &c. ; a division or book of the Ṛig-veda (of which there are 10, according to the authorship of the hymns; these are divided into 85 Anuvākas or lessons, and these again into 1017, or with the 11 additional hymns into 1028 Sûktas or hymns; the other more mechanical division, is into Ashṭakas, Adhyāyas and Vargas q.v.) RPrāt. Bṛih. &c. ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍala, m. a dog L. ; a kind of snake L. ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍalī, f. Panicum Dactylon L. ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍala, m. Cocculus Cordifolius Bhpr. ; ► p. 775c

máṇḍala, n. Unguis Odoratus L. ; a partic. oblation or sacrifice L. ► p. 775c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】 maṇḍala, (1) m. or nt. (= maṇḍalaka 3), spot of ground marked out and ceremonially prepared, in trimaṇ-ḍala (2, q.v.; note also trimaṇḍala 1, in different technical mg.); (2) m. or nt., = maṇḍalaka 4, q.v.: praṇipatya pañcamaṇḍala-namaskāreṇa vandiṣyante Sukh 19.8; see also jānumaṇḍala; (3) m., n. of a yakṣa: Māy 82. ► p. 415-416

3、tredhā

（参看4） M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

tredhā́, ind. = trí-dhā RV. VS. &c. ► p. 462a

4、tra

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

tra 2., = tri, “three” See dvi-. ► p. 457a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

tra 1., mf(ā)n. (√ trai Pāṇ. 3-2, 3) ifc. “protecting” see aṃsa-, aṅguli-, ātapa-, kaṭi-, giri-, go-, tanu-, tala-, tvak-, vadha- ; kṛta- and jala-trā. ► p. 457a

5、nimitta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 nimitta

【对译词】

〈藏〉 mtshan ma，rgyu，rgyu mtshan，rtags，ltas

【释义】 ［中］ ❶ 原因，因相。❷ 征兆，预兆。❸ 相，标相，显相，标志。〔古〕 相。

【例句】

❷ 《佛所行》（BC 1.49）

atho nimittaiś ca tapobalāc ca taj janma janmāntakarasya buddhvā | śākyeśvarasyālayam ājagāma saddharmatarṣād Asito maharṣiḥ ||

‹昙无谶›：時近處園中，有苦行仙人，名曰阿私陀， 善解於相法，來詣王宫門。 ‹叶›：凭借苦行力及诸瑞相， 名为阿私陀的一位大仙， 得知灭生者的降生， 希求正法，来到释迦王宫前。

❸ 《五蕴论释》：

viṣaya ālambanam | nimittaṃ viṣayaviśeṣaḥ | nīlapītādyālambanavyavasthākāraṇam | yul ni dmigs pa'o || mtshan ma ni yul gyi bye brag sngon po dang ser po la sogs pa dmigs pa rnam par gzhag pa'i rgyu'o || de la mtshan mar 'dzin pa ni 'di ni sngon po'o ||

所缘即是境，境之差别即是标相，也就是安立青、黄等所缘之因。

《五蕴论释》：

śabdadvāreṇa yad artharūpam adhyāropitaṃ tan nimittam | sgra'i sgo nas gang don gyi ngo bor sgro btags pa de ni mtshan ma ste |

标相就是通过声（名字）而被增益出来的义色。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

nimitta, n. (possibly connected with ni-√mā above ) a butt, mark, target MBh. ; sign, omen Mn. Yājñ. MBh. &c. (cf. dur-n°) ; cause, motive, ground, reason Up. Kap. Var. Mn. MBh. Kāv. &c. (in all oblique cases = because of, on account of cf. Pāṇ. 2-3, 23 Pat.; mfn. ifc. caused or occasioned by; °ttaṃ√yā, to be the cause of anything Kād.) ; (in phil.) instrumental or efficient cause (opp. to upâdāna, the operative or material cause) Vedântas. Bhāshāp. ; = āgantu ; deha ; ādeśa ; parvan L. ► p. 551a

6、citta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 citta

【对译词】

〈巴〉 citta

〈藏〉 sems，thugs，dgongs pa

【释义】 ［中］ 心，思想。〔佛〕《俱舍》七十五法之一；《瑜伽》百法之一，有时特指阿赖耶识。〔古〕 心，意。

【例句】 《俱舍》：

cittaṃ mano 'tha vijñānam ekārthaṃ || 34ab || cinotīti cittam | manuta iti manaḥ | vijānātīti vijñānam | citaṃ śubhāśubhair dhātubhir iti cittam | tad evāśrayabhūtaṃ manaḥ | āśritabhūtaṃ vijñānam ity apare | sems dang yid dang rnam shes ni || don gcig || 'byed pas na sems so || shes pas na yid do || rnam par shes pa nas rnam par shes pa'o || kha cig na re dge ba dang mi dge ba'i khams dag gis bsags pas na sems so || de nyid rten du gyur pa ni yid do || rten par gyur pa ni rnam par shes pa'o zhes zer ro ||

‹玄› 颂曰：心、意、识体一，心、心所有依，有缘有行相，相应义有五。论曰：集起故名心，思量故名意，了别故名识。复有释言：净不净界种种差别故名为心，即此为他作所依止故名为意，作能依止故名为识。故心、意、识三名所诠。

‹真› 偈曰：心、意、识一义。释曰：心以增长为义，能解故名意，能别故名识。善恶诸界所增长故名心，或能增长彼故名心，此心为他作依止说名意，若能依止说名识。

Abhidharmakośavyākhyā : vijñānaṃ prati-vijñaptir ity evam-ādinā sva-lakṣaṇa-skandha-dhātv-āyatana-kuśal'ādi-prabhedena. caittā api sva-lakṣaṇa-paraspara-viśeṣeṇa citta-saṃkhyā'vadhāraṇa-kāma-prathama-dhyān'ādi-bhūmi-prabhedena. ekārtham iti. yac cittaṃ. tad eva manas tad eva vijñānam ity eko 'rtho 'syeti ekārthaṃ. nirvacana-bhedas tūcyate. cinotīti cittam iti. kuśalam akuśalaṃ vā cinotīty arthaḥ. nairuktena vidhinaivaṃ siddhaṃ. manuta iti manaḥ. mana jñāna ity asya auṇādika-pratyayāt tasyaitad rūpaṃ mana iti. vijānāty ālambanam iti vijñānaṃ kartari lyuṭ. citaṃ śubhāśubhair dhātubhir iti cittaṃ. bhāvanā-saṃniveśa-yogena Sautrāntika-matena Yogācāra-matena vā. āśraya-bhūtaṃ manaḥ āśrita-bhūtaṃ vijñānam iti āśraya-bhāvāpekṣaṃ manaḥ. ṣaṇṇām anantarātītaṃ vijñānaṃ yad dhi. tan mana ity artha-parigrahāt. āśrita-bhāvāpekṣaṃ vijñānaṃ. dvayaṃ pratītya vijñānasyotpattir iti vacanāt.

《顺正理论》：

颂曰：心、意、识体一，心、心所有依，有缘有行相，相应义有五。论曰：心、意、识三，体虽是一，而训词等义类有异，谓集起故名心，思量故名意，了别故名识。或种种义故名为心，即此为他作所依止故名为意，作能依止故名为识。或界处蕴施设差别，或复增长相续业生种子差别，如是等类，义门有异，故心、意、识，三名所诠，义异体一。

《法蕴足论》：

心三摩地胜行成就神足者，云何心？云何三摩地？云何胜？云何胜行，而名心三摩地胜行成就神足耶？此中心者，谓依出家远离所生善法，所起心、意、识，是名心。

《品类足论》：

心云何？谓心、意、识。此复云何？谓六识身。即眼识、耳识、鼻识、舌识、身识、意识。

《集论》: tatra cittaṃ katamat | skandhadhātvāyatanavāsanāparibhāvitaṃ sarvabījakam ālayavijñānam | vipākavijñānam ādānavijñānam api tat，tadvāsanācitatām upādāya || sems gang zhe na | phung po dang | khams dang | skye mched kyi bag chags kyis yongs su bsgos pa | sa bon thams cad pa'i kun gzhi rnam par shes pa'o || rnam par smin pa'i rnam par shes pa dang | len pa'i rnam par shes pa yang de yin te | de dag gi bag chags bsags pa'i phyir ro ||

‹玄› 何等为心？谓蕴界处习气所熏，一切种子阿赖耶识，亦名异熟识。亦名阿陀那识，以能积集诸习气故。

《五蕴》：

vijñānaṃ katamat | ālambanavijñaptiḥ | cittaṃ mano 'pi tat | citratāṃ manaḥsanniśrayatāṃ copādāya | prādhānyena punaś cittam ālayavijñānam | tathā hi tatcitaṃ sarvasaṃskārabījaiḥ | （...） ālayavijñānatvaṃ punaḥ sarvabījālayatām ātmabhāvālayanimittatāṃ kāyālīnatāṃ copādāya | ādānavijñānam api tat kāyopādānam upādāya | rnam par shes pa gang zhe na/ dmigs pa rnam par rig pa'o || sems dang yid kyang de yin te | sna tshogs pa dang yid rten byed pa'i phyir ro || dngos su na sems ni3 kun gzhi rnam par shes pa ste | 'di ltar de ni 'du byed thams cad kyi sa bon bsags pa'o || （...） kun gzhi rnam par shes pa de nyid ni sa bon thams cad kyi gzhi nyid dang | lus kyi kun gzhi dang | rgyu nyid dang | lus la gnas pa nyid kyi yang phyir ro || len pa'i rnam par shes pa yang de yin te | lus len pa'i phyir ro ||

‹玄› 云何识蕴？谓于所缘境了别为性，亦名心、意。由采集故，意所摄故，最胜心者。谓阿赖耶识，何以故？由此识中诸行种子皆采集故。（…） 阿赖耶识者。谓能摄藏一切种子故。又能摄藏我慢相故。又复缘身为境界故。即此亦名陀那识。能执持身故。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

cittá, See √4. cit. ► p. 398a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

cittá, mfn. “noticed” see a-cítta ; “aimed at,” longed for ChUp. vii, 5, 3 ; “appeared,” visible RV. ix, 65, 12 ; ► p. 395c

cittá, n. attending, observing (tiráś cittā́ni, “so as to remain unnoticed”) , vii, 59, 8 ; thinking, reflecting, imagining, thought RV. VS. ŚBr. &c. ; intention, aim, wish RV. VS. AV. TBr. &c. ; ► p. 395c

cittá, n. (Naigh. iii, 9) the heart, mind TS. i ŚvetUp. vi, 5 MBh. &c. (ifc. f(ā). Pañcat.) ; ► p. 395c

cittá, n. memory W. ; intelligence, reason KapS. i, 59 Yogas. i, 37; ii, 54 Vedântas. ; (in astrol.) the 9th mansion VarYogay. iv, 1 ; cf. iha-, cala-, pū́rva-, prā́yaś-, laghu-, su-, sthira-. ► p. 395c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

citta (= Pali id., also citra, = AMg. citta, = Skt. caitra), n. of the first month of spring (as usually reckoned, but here called 'the first month of summer', evidently implying a division of the year into only three seasons, spring-summer constituting one season of four months; see Senart's note): grīṣmāṇa māse prathame cittasmiṃ (so, or cittesmiṃ, mss.; Senart em. caitrasmiṃ) Mv i.294.3 (vs). ► p. 229

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

citta, m. (in Skt. only nt.), thought: used with masc. adj. and pron. forms in Bhad 19 abhiyukto . .. cittu ... , ye ... āvaraṇīyās (sc. cittāḥ). ► p. 229

7、vāraṇa

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 vāraṇa

【释义】 ［阳］❶ 〈藏〉 bzlog pa制止，防止，禁止，抵抗，障碍，守护，门。❷ 铠甲。❸ 狂醉，醉象，狂象。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

vāraṇá 2., mfn. (fr. varaṇa; for 1. see col.1) consisting of or made from the wood of the Crataeva Roxburghii ŚBr. Kauś. ► p. 944b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

vāraṇá 1., mf(ī)n. warding off, restraining, resisting, opposing MBh. Kāv. &c. ; all-resisting, invincible (said of the Soma and of Indra's elephant) RV. ix, 1, 9 Hariv. 1700 ; relating to prevention Suśr. ; shy, wild RV. AV. (with mṛga accord. to some = elephant RV. viii, 33, 8; x, 40, 4) ; dangerous RV. ShaḍvBr. ; forbidden AitBr. ; ► p. 944a

vāraṇá, m. (ifc. f(ā).) an elephant (from its power of resistance) MBh. Kāv. &c. ; ► p. 944a

vāraṇá, m. an elephant-hook Daś. ; armour, mail L. ; a kind of ornament on an arch MBh. iv, 1326 ; ► p. 944a

vāraṇī́, f. a female elephant L. ; ► p. 944a

vāraṇá, m. w.r. for vāruṇī HYog. ; ► p. 944a

vāraṇá, n. the act of restraining or keeping back or warding off from (abl.) ; resistance, opposition, obstacle ; impediment, KātyŚr. MBh. &c. ; a means of restraining Bhartṛ. ; = hari-tāla L. ; N. of a place MBh. ► p. 944a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

vāraṇa (m., = Pali id.; ignored by Senart), a kind of bird, which had a pleasant voice (Jāt. vi.539.16) and beautiful eyes (Mv); only in cpd. °ṇa-cakora-nayana: Mv iii.259.6; 267.15; 269.15; applied to Yaśodharā and Rāhula. In some Pali texts identified with the hatthiliṅga (cf. vāraṇa, elephant), which is described as a sort of vulture with a bill like an elephant's trunk (Childers, PTSD); but it seems questionable whether such attractive qualities as the above would be attributed to any vulture-like bird. ► p. 477

8、uttarottara

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 uttarottara

【对译词】

〈藏〉 gong nas gong du，phyi ma phyi ma

【释义】 ［形］渐增，渐深，更加。

［中］❶回应质问，冗谈，废话。❷过分，超额。❸相续，渐次。

〔古〕后后，展轉，渐。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

uttarôttara, mfn. more and more, higher and higher, further and further ; always increasing, always following Yājñ. Suśr. Pañcat. Kap. &c. ; each following Paribh. 38 ; ► p. 179a

uttarôttaram, ind. higher and higher, more and more, in constant continuation, one on the other MBh. Hit. Suśr. Gaut. &c. ; ► p. 179a

uttarôttara, n. reply to an answer, reply on reply ; a rejoinder ; conversation MBh. Hit. R. &c. ; excess, exceeding quantity or degree ; succession, gradation ; descending ► p. 179a

9、saṃdeha

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 saṃdeha

【对译词】

〈藏〉 the tshom，the tshom za ba

【释义】 ［阳］ ❶ 怀疑，疑惑。❷ 危险。〔古〕 疑惑。

【例句】

《那罗传》4.7：

saṃdehād atha vaidarbhī

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

saṃ-dehá, m. (ifc. f(ā).) a conglomeration or conglutination (of material elements; see above ) ŚBr. ChUp. ; doubt, uncertainty about (gen. loc., or comp.; na or nâsti saṃdehaḥ or saṃdeho nâsti [used parenthetically], “there is no doubt, without doubt”) Āpast. MBh. &c. ; (in rhet.) a figure of speech expressive of doubt (e.g. “is this a lotus flower or an eye?”) Vām. iv, 3, 11 ; risk, danger Kāv. Pañcat. ► p. 1143c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

saṃ-deha, See saṃ-√dih. ► p. 1144a

10、janmatas

参考11、12

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

janma-tas, ind. according to birth Āp. i, 1, 4 ; according to the age of life Mn. ii, 155; ix, 125 f. MBh. ► p. 411b

11、janma

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899 【释义】 janma, °nman, &c. See √jan. ► p. 411c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899 【释义】 janma, in comp. for °nman ; ► p. 411b

janma, n. birth L. Sch. ► p. 411b

12、tas

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 tas

【释义】 单⑤格尾，与āt不同的是它可以表示“作为”。参BHSG § 7.47.

【例句】 SN IV 36.6.3 sukhā bhikkhave vedanā dukkhato daṭṭhabbā | 乐受见为苦。

《杂阿含》 观于乐受而作苦想。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

tas 2., mfn. “throwing” ; see sukha-. ► p. 441b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

tas 1., cl.4. °syati, to fade away, perish Dhātup. xxvi, 103 ; (cf. √ taṃs) to cast upwards (or “to throw down”) ib. (Vop.) ; to throw Pāṇ. 3-4, 61 Kāś. ► p. 441b

13、nivāraṇa

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 nivāraṇa

【释义】 ［中］ 阻止，去除。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ni-vāraṇa, mfn. = prec. mfn. MBh. Hariv. Suśr. ; ► p. 559c

ni-vāraṇa, n. keeping back, preventing, hindering, opposing, refuting ib. Pañc. BhP. ► p. 559c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】 nivāraṇa, nt., see s.v. nīvaraṇa.

► p. 306

saṃskṛtatvena saṃkalpya saṃpat prāptau nivāryate | trailakṣaṇyānyathābhāvāt tadabhāvāt tathāgataḥ ||8||

【支译】分別有為體 防彼成就得 三相異體故 離彼是如來 8

【净译】若將為集造 妙相非勝相 三相遷異故 無此謂如來 8

1、saṃskṛtatva

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

saṃ-skṛtá-tva, n. the being prepared or made ready &c. Jaim. ► p. 1121a

2、saṃkalpa

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 saṃkalpa

【释义】 〈藏〉 kun tu rtog pa，brnag pa，bsam pa ［阳］ 愿望，意图，构想，想象。〔古〕 分别，思惟。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

saṃ-kalpa, &c. See saṃ-√kḷp. ► p. 1125c

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

saṃ-kalpá, m. (ifc. f(ā).) conception or idea or notion formed in the mind or heart, (esp.) will, volition, desire, purpose, definite intention or determination or decision or wish for (with loc. dat., or ifc.), sentiment, conviction, persuasion ; (ibc. often = “intentionally,” “purposely,” “on purpose,” “according to will,” &c.; acc. with √ kṛ, “to form a resolution, make up one's mind”) AV. &c. &c. ; idea or expectation of any advantage W. ; a solemn vow or determination to perform any ritual observance, declaration of purpose (e.g. a declaration by a widow of her intention to burn herself with her deceased husband) W. ; the Will personified (as a son of Saṃ-kalpā and Brahmā) Hariv. MārkP. ; ► p. 1126c

saṃ-kalpā, f. N. of a daughter of Daksha (the wife of Dharma and mother of Saṃkalpa) Hariv. ; of Manu's wife Hariv. ► p. 1126c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

saṃkalpa, m., = vikalpa, false discrimination: nimittaṃ nāma saṃkalpaḥ (229.8 nāma-nimitta-saṃ-kalpāḥ) svabhāvadvayalakṣaṇam, samyagjñānaṃ hi tathatā (229.9 °naṃ tathātvaṃ ca) pariniṣpannalakṣaṇam Laṅk 68.3-4 = 229.8-9 (vss); saṃkalpa-kalpa-janitena ayoni-sena (bhavate avidya ...) LV 419.17(-18), vs; there is no noun for the two instr. adj. to agree with, unless we separate saṃkalpa (as instr., § 8.8), by false discrimination produced by vain fancy, and superficial, (ignorance comes to be); or understand manasikāreṇa as suggested by ayonisena? Tib. kun rtog ( = saṃkalpa) rtog pas (by kalpa) bskyed paḥi tshul bzhin ma yin pas, which perhaps supports the second alternative, as it seems to make -janitena modify ayonisena. (In SP 97.13, vs, read anyonyasaṃkalpa-sagauravāś, as one word, having respect for each other's purposes.) ► p. 545

==3、

4、prāpta

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 prāpta

【释义】 〈藏〉 thob pa，rnyed pa ［过分］ 获得，到达。〔古〕 得，获得，已得，至得，所得，逮得，證得，所證，至，成就，具足。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

prâpta, mfn. attained to, reached, arrived at, met with, found, incurred, got, acquired, gained Mn. MBh. &c. ; one who has attained to or reached &c. (acc. or comp.) AV. &c. &c. ; come to (acc.), arrived, present (prâpteṣu kāleṣu, at certain periods) Mn. MBh. &c. ; accomplished, complete, mature, full-grown (see a-pr°) ; (in med.) indicated, serving the purpose Suśr. ; (in gram.) obtained or following from a rule, valid (iti prâpte, “while this follows from a preceding rule”) Pāṇ. 1-1, 34 Sch. &c. ; fixed, placed L. ; proper, right L. ; ► p. 707c

prâpta, m. pl. N. of a people MārkP. ► p. 707c

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

-prāpta, ppp. (= Skt. id., Pali -patta), in āścarya-, adbhuta-pr° generally means filled with astonishment and wonder (e. g. SP 188.5). But in SP 183.4-5 āścaryaprāptā ... adbhutaprāptā ime ṣoḍaśa śrāmaṇerāḥ, rather, some-thing like arrived at a wonderful thing or condition, marvel-ously successful. In KP 9.5 and 10.5 dāntājāneya-prāpta (bodhisattva), and KP 9.14; 10.17, 20 ājanya-prāpta (bodhisattva), clearly arrived at (the condition of being ...) i.e. become (tamed) noble (steeds, see ājanya, ājāneya). In most of these, Tib. renders prāpta by thob pa, which acc. to Jä. primarily means get, attain, but in expressions like saṅs rgyas thob pa become (lit. get) a Buddha. This latter seems clearly parallel to the use of -prāpta in these KP passages. Ordinarily a cpd. ending in -prāpta has as its prior member an abstract noun. Note however that some such prior members may be either abstract or concrete; thus adbhuta may mean either surprising or sur-prise. Possibly the KP usage arose by analogy of such compounds. There are other cpds. of prāpta with a pre-ceding adj.; see s.v. niṣkāṅkṣa. ► p. 392

5、nivārya

参考6

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

ni-vārya, mfn. = °vāraṇīya MBh. R. ► p. 559c

6、vāraṇīya

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】 vāraṇīya, mfn. to be checked or restrained (see a-v°) ; belonging to an elephant (m. with kara, an elephant's-trunk) Kathās. ► p. 944a

7、traya

梵汉词汇表

【析词】

traya

【对译词】

〈巴〉 taya

〈藏〉 gsum

【释义】

［形］ 三。

［中］ 三种。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

trayá, mf(ī́)n. (fr. trí Pāṇ. 5-2, 43) triple, threefold, consisting of 3, of 3 kinds RV. x, 45, 2 AV. iv, 11, 2 VS. &c. (°yī́ vidyā́), “the triple sacred science,” reciting hymns, performing sacrifices, and chanting [RV., YV., and SV.] ŚBr. AitBr. &c. ; ► p. 457b

trayá, n. a triad (chiefly ifc.) ChUp. KaṭhUp. Mn. &c. ; ► p. 457b

trayī́, f. id. see śata- ; ► p. 457b

trayá, n. = °yī́ vidyā́ Gaut. Mn. &c. ; the Buddh. triad (Buddha, Dharma, and Saṃgha) Hcar. viii ; summit Bālar. i, 28 ; a woman whose husband and children are living L. ; Venonia anthelminthica L. ; su-mati L. ► p. 457b

8、lakṣaṇa

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 lakṣaṇa

【对译词】

〈巴〉 lakkhaṇa

〈藏〉 mtshan nyid，mtshan

【释义】 ［中］ 标志，征兆，特征，相，体相。〔古〕 相，本相，体相，相状。

【例句】

安慧《辨中边》：

lakṣyate ’nenêti lakṣaṇam | [...] athavā lakṣyate tad iti lakṣaṇam | 由此（某事物）被表征，此即是相。或者，此能显现，即是相。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

lakṣaṇa, mfn. indicating, expressing indirectly Vedântas. ; ► p. 892a

lakṣaṇa, m. Ardea Sibirica L. ; N. of a man Rājat. (often confounded with, lakṣmaṇa) ; ► p. 892a

lakṣaṇā, f. See s.v. ; ► p. 892a

lakṣaṇa, n. (ifc. f(ā).) a mark, sign, symbol, token, characteristic, attribute, quality (ifc. = “marked or characterized by,” “possessed of”) Mn. MBh. &c. ; ► p. 892a

lakṣaṇa, n. a stroke, line (esp. those drawn on the sacrificial ground) ŚBr. GṛŚrS. ; a lucky mark, favourable sign GṛŚrS. Mn. MBh. &c. ; a symptom or indication of disease Cat. ; a sexual organ MBh. xiii, 2303 ; a spoon (?) Divyâv ; accurate description, definition, illustration Mn. Sarvad. Suśr. ; settled rate, fixed tariff Mn. viii, 406 ; a designation, appellation, name (ifc. = “named,” “called”) Mn. MBh. Kāv. ; a form, species, kind, sort (ifc.= “taking the form of,” “appearing as”) Mn. Śaṃk. BhP. ; the act of aiming at, aim, goal, scope, object (ifc. = “concerning,” “relating to,” “coming within the scope of”) APrāt. Yājñ. MBh. BhP. ; reference, quotation Pāṇ. 1-4, 84 ; effect, operation, influence ib. i, 1, 62 &c. ; cause, occasion, opportunity R. Daś. ; observation, sight, seeing W. ► p. 892a

Franklin Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, 1953

【释义】

lakṣaṇa, nt., mark (Skt.); (1) in Laṅk 37.10 ff.; 38.5 ff., external mark, manifested aspect, of the vijñāna (cf. Suzuki, Studies, 183); contrasted with prabandha, q.v.; fuller expression seems to be svajāti-lakṣaṇa, see Laṅk 38.16 ff., esp. 18 f., svajātilakṣaṇe punar nirudhya-māne (mss.) ālayavijñānanirodhaḥ syāt, suggesting that with its suppression, the ālaya-vijñāna itself is suppressed; for the aṣṭalakṣaṇa vijñāna see vij° 2; (2) in Divy 513.15, 24, sauvarṇena lakṣaṇena laḍḍīś (sc. of a state horse) chorayati, removes the dung with a golden ... (? some sort of implement; acc. to Index, spoon?), perh. shovel or the like; (3) = svabhāva (2), q.v., characteristic, of existing things, there being three such, viz. parikalpita, paratan-tra, pariniṣpanna, qq.v.: Mvy 1662 (to 1665 incl.); Sūtrāl. xi.38-41 (Lévi, indice); svabhāva-lakṣaṇa-traya-kuśalena bhavitavyam Laṅk 67.2; (4) characteristic mark of a superior person (a cakravartin or a Buddha), of which there are standardly 32 (anomalously 28 in Gv 353.7, aṣṭaviṃśatibhir mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇair upeto; no list). There are various lists; in Pali (lakkhaṇa), DN ii.17.10 ff. and iii.143.5 ff. (here followed by lengthy treatments of each item); MN ii.136.6 ff.; in BHS, LV 105.11 ff. (here referred to as LVa) and 429.3 ff. (LVb); Mvy 235 ff.; Dharmas (here abbreviated Dh) 83; Gv 399.20 ff., with valuable brief explanations of each term; Bbh 375.9 ff., with a few brief glosses, but followed on 378.3 ff., 381.8 ff., by more extensive treatments of the various items, with a few minor variants which are mostly not recorded here; finally, Mv i.226.16 ff. = ii.29.19 ff. has, in 7 lines of verse, extremely brief one-word designations for the 32 items, in part so corrupt in the text that I have failed to identify a few items (here, Mv without reference refers to this list); again, Mv ii.304.14 ff. has a very loose, inaccurate, and incomplete list, mingled with some anuvyañjana and other extraneous materials; this is cited below by page and line when it is important. Finally, a few stray lakṣaṇa are unsystematically mentioned in RP 46.13-47.12, and again 50.11-51.5; they will be referred to by page and line under the appropriate items. In modern literature, correlations of various Pali and BHS lists (but without the Gv, Bbh, and Mv lists) have been recorded by Burnouf, Lotus, 558 ff.; Müller, note on Dharmas 83 (but note that in a number of cases Müller here cites Dharmas itself inconsistently with his own text). In Mvy and LVa (as also in the stray fragmentary lists of RP) the order of all other texts is reversed, so as to begin with the head instead of the feet; in citing numbers I have reversed the numbering of these two lists, to facilitate comparison with the other lists; therefore when I cite 'Mvy 32, LVa 32', I refer to Mvy and LVa 1; 'Mvy 31, LVa 31' means Mvy 2, LVa 2, etc. I believe the following list is substantially correct and original, tho the precise language is not always certain; all important variants are cited. The order of the items in BHS varies greatly, no two lists being alike; but the relative order in the Pali lists is, I believe, always or nearly always supported by some BHS evidence, and I see no serious reason to doubt that it represents the original; it is therefore adopted here. 1. supratiṣṭhitapāda (Pali suppatiṭṭhitapāda), Mvy 3; LVb, Gv, Bbh 1; LVa 1 inserts sama before pāda; Mv prob. means this by 1 samā; Mv ii.304.14 samā ... caraṇā supratiṣṭhitā; Dh 2 -pāṇipādatala(tā) for -pāda. — 2. adhastāt pādatalayoś cakre jāte ... (epithets), so Bbh 2, similarly LVa, Gv 2; Pali heṭṭhāpādatalesu cakkāni jātāni... (epithets); Mv 2 heṣṭā, also heṣṭā ... Mv ii.304.16; LVb 2 compresses the epithets into a long cpd. ending cakrāṅkitapādatala; Mvy 4 cakrāṅkita-hasta-pāda, and so Dh 1 adding -tala and with pāṇi for hasta, which, tho supported by Tib. phyag, is only a false interpretation of adhastāt or semi-MIndic heṣṭā. — 3. āyatapādapārṣṇi (Pali āyatapaṇhi), so Mvy 2, Bbh 4, Gv 5 (LVa 6 āyata-pārṣṇipāda); or āyatapārṣṇi, LVb 3, Dh 7, with Pali; Mv 4 āyatā. — 4. dīrghāṅguli (Pali dīgha°), LVb 4, LVa 7, Mvy 5, Dh 6, Gv (2d ed.) 6 dirghā asyāṅgulayo, Bbh 3; Mv 3 dīrghā; Mv ii.305.1. — 5. mṛdutaruṇahastapāda (Pali mudutaluṇahatthapāda); LVa 4, LVb 6; Bbh 5 (mss. om. hasta, Tib. phyag, for which ed. pāṇi); Dh 4 and Mvy 7 add -tala; Gv 7 mṛdūni... hastapādatalāni; Mv 11 mṛdu; cf. RP 47.10. — 6. jāla-(jālāvanaddha-?)-hastapāda; Pali jālahatthapāda, to which Bbh 6 jāla-pāṇipāda is closest; LVa 3, LVb 7 jālāṅgulihastapāda; Mvy 6 jālāvanaddha-hastapāda, cf. Mv ii.304.14 (com-bined with No. 1 above) jālāvanaddhā (caraṇā); Dh 3 corrupt, jālābalabaddhāṅgulipāṇipādatala(tā); Gv 4 hasta-pādatale jālinī (2d ed.); Mv 12 jālā. — 7. ucchaṅkha-(?)-pāda (Pali ussaṅkha°), so Gv 3, and so read (ucchaṅkha) Mv 5 and Mv ii.304.19, also with Mironov Mvy 8; Mvy Kyoto ed. utsaṅga°, so LVa 5, Dh 9, and Bbh 7 (-caraṇa for pāda); LVb 8 ucchaṅga°. — 8. aiṇeyajaṅgha (Pali eṇi-j°), so Gv 8, Mvy 1, Dh 11; eṇeya°" LVb 10, Bbh 8 (and RP 51.3); eṇeyamṛgarājajaṅgha LVa 8; Mv 6 eṇi; Mv ii.305.3 eṇī-j°; RP 47.12 eṇajaṅgha. — 9, sthitāna-vanata-pralambabāhu Mvy 15, and sthito'vanata° (as Mvy) LVa 15; cf. Pali ṭhitako va anonamanto ubhohi pāṇitalehi jaṇṇukāni parimasati...; Bbh 9 anavana-takāya; LVb 12, Dh 12, Gv 15 pralambabāhu; cf. Gv 13 anūnagātraḥ, (read) anunnatagātro 'pariṇatagātraḥ; Mv(?); Mv ii.305.8 anonatena kāyena pāṇīhi jānukāṃ spṛśe; cf. RP 47.9 dīrgha-parigha-bāhū. — 10. kośopagata-vastigu-hya (Pali kosohitavatthaguyha; it seems that vattha is a mistake for vatthi, cf. Pali vatthi-kosa), so Mvy 10, LVa 10, LVb 11; or kośagata-vas° Bbh 10, Gv 10, Dh 13; Mv 9 kośa; Mv ii.305.10 kośavastiguhya; RP 47.11 guhyakośo. — 11. suvarṇavarṇa (Pali suvaṇṇavaṇṇa, with appended kañcanasannibhataca, cf. Bbh), so Dh 14; LVb 15 suvar-ṇachavi; Gv 29 suvarṇavarṇachavi; Bbh 15 kāñcanasaṃni-bhatvac (cf. Pali); Mv 22 suvarṇa; Mv ii.305.7 kāñcana-chaviśobhanā; in LVa 16 and Mvy 16 combined with next, sūkṣmasuvarṇachavi (Lefm. adds varṇa, by em., after suvarṇa); kanakavarṇa RP 47.10; 51.5.— 12. sūkṣma-chavi (Pali sukhumachavi), so LVb 14 (mṛdutaruṇa-sū°), Gv 28; Dh 15 śuklachavi(-tā); for LVa and Mvy see prec; Bbh 16 ślakṣṇatvāt (but 379.18 sūkṣma-ślakṣṇa-tvacatā, and 381.11 sūkṣmatvaktā) tvaco rajo ... nāvatiṣṭhate, and ślakṣṇa, instead of sūkṣma, is read also in Mv 16; Mv ii.305.14 and RP 51.5 ślakṣṇachavī. — 13. ekaikaroma (or °man; Pali ekekaloma), so LVa 12; Gv 30; Mv ii.305.15; Mv 14 ekā; LVb 16 ekaikanicitaromakūpa; Bbh 14 °romā, adding ... pradakṣiṇāvartaṃ; Mvy 12 °roma-pradakṣiṇā-vartaḥ; Dh 16 pradakṣiṇāvartaikaroma(-tā); cf. RP 47.11; see next. — 14. ūrdhvāgraroma, °man (Pali uddhagga-loma), so Dh 10; Mvy 11 ūrdhvaga-roma; Bbh 13 ūr-dhvaṃga°; Gv 31 ūrdhvāṅga°; Mv 15, mss. intend ūr-dhvāgra or ūrdhaṃga; LVa 11 ūrdhvāgrābhipradakṣiṇā-vartaromā(ḥ); LVb 9 ūrdhvāṅgadakṣiṇāvartaromakūpa; see prec. — 15. bṛhad-ṛju-gātra (Pali brahmujjugatta), so Gv 16, Bbh 21; Mv 7 bṛhat; Mv ii.305.18 prahvarjugātra (corruption for brahmarj°?); Dh 8 ṛjugātra(-tā); LVb 5 bahujanatrātā, obvious corruption; not in LVa, Mvy (replaced, perhaps, by suvartitoru, Lefm. suvivart°, 9 in both?).— 16. saptotsada (Pali sattussada), LVa 18; LVb 17; Mvy 18; Gv 9; Dh 5; Bbh 17 °da-kāya; Mv 20 utsadā; RP 47.9.— 17. siṃhapūrvārdhakāya (Pali sīha-pubbaddhakāya), LVa 14;'LVb 18; Mvy 14; Bbh 18; Gv 11; Dh 18 (°ānta° for °ārdha°); Mv ii.305.6; prob. concealed in Mv 18 or 19, corrupt. — 18. citāntarāṃsa (or °śa, Dh; Pali citantaraṃsa), LVa, Mvy 17; LVb 19; Bbh, Dh 20; Gv 12; prob. citā to be read in Mv 17. —19. nyagrodhaparimaṇḍala (Pali nigrodha°), LVa, LVb, Mvy 13; Dh 22; Bbh 11; Gv 33; Mv 10 nyagrodha.— 20. susaṃvṛttaskandha (Pali sama-vatta-kkhandha), LVa, Mvy, Bbh, Dh 19; LVb 20; Gv 14 (omits su); Mv 24 samā (cf. Pali); Mv ii.305.17 (omits su); RP 47.9 śānta- saṃvṛtta-skandhaḥ; the erroneous spelling °saṃvṛta° in Dh, Mvy text (but Index and Mironov saṃvṛtta), and Gv (but followed in gloss by vṛttāv asya skandhāv ... pīnau, etc.). — 21. rasarasāgra(-vant? Pali rasaggasaggi); °gra- (-tā) Mvy 23; Dh 21; °gra-vant LVa 22; LVb 25; °gra- prāptaḥ Bbh 27; rasaṃ Mv 21; °griṇaḥ Mv ii.306.4; in Gv 17 represented by kambugrīva(-tā) (400.25), on which see BR s.v. kambu; it is paraphrased by adīnakaṇṭhaḥ, with not inferior neck, but for the real meaning see following passage cited s.v. rasaharaṇī, proving connexion with (rasa-)rasāgra, q.v.; cf. also RP 47.9 kambu-rucira- grīvā (among lakṣaṇa). — 22. siṃhahanu (Pali sīha°), LVa 20; LVb 21; Mvy 11; Gv 18; Dh, Bbh 25; Mv 23 sīho (or siṃho); Mv ii.306.4; RP 46.15. — 23. catvāriṃ- śaddanta (Pali cattālīsadanta), Mvy 27; cf. Mv ii.306.5; catvāriṃśatsamadanta LVb, Bbh 22, Gv 19 (1st ed.); samacatvāriṃśaddanta LVa 26; Gv 19 (2d ed.); not identified in Mv; cf. RP 46.17; 50.17. — 24. samadanta (Pali id.), Mvy 26; Dh 27; Gv 21; Mv 26 samā; for Bbh, LVa, LVb, see under prec.; they seem to combine the two (but note that Gv has this item separately, while including sama with the prec); RP 46.17. — 25. aviraladanta (Pali avivara°, but v.l. aviraļa°), LVa, Mvy 25; LVb 24; Bbh 23; Dh 29; Gv 20 aviralāviṣamadanta(-tā); cf. RP 50.17.— 26. suśukla-daṃṣṭra, or °danta (Pali susukkadāṭha): °daṃṣṭra Gv 401.13 (in gloss on No. 24 above); śukra- daṃṣṭrā (v.l. suśukladanta) Mv ii.306.6; °danta LVb 23; Mvy, Bbh 24; śukla-danta LVa 24; śukla-hanu(-tā) Dh 26; śuklā Mv 25; cf. RP 46.17. — 27. prabhūtajihva (Pali pahūtajivha), LVa 21; LVb 29; Dh 24; Gv 22 (su-pra°); prabhūtatanujihva Mvy 21; Bbh 26; Mv ii.306.7; pra- bhūtā Mv 27; jihvā prabhūtā RP 46.18; 50.15. — 28. brah- masvara (Pali brahmassara), LVa, Gv 23; LVb 26; Mvy 20; Bbh 28 (with gloss kalaviṅkamanojñabhāṇī; some Pali texts gloss karavīkabhāṇī); Mv 28 brahmā; Mv ii.306.11; not in text of Dh, but one ms. is cited in Müller's note as reading corruptly prastasvara(-tā), which should doubtless be emended and adopted, deleting Dh 28 haṃ- savikrāntagāmi(tā), which is properly an anuvyañjana; cf. RP 47.1 brahmaghoṣā. — 29. abhinīlanetra (Pali °netta), LVa, LVb 27, Bbh 29, Dh 31; Mv 29 nīla; Mv ii.306.15; Gv 24 (2d ed.); Mvy 28 abhinīlanetra-gopakṣmā, combining this with next. Cf. RP 46.15; 50.13. — 30. go- pakṣma, or °man (Pali gopakkhuma), Bbh 30 °mā (n. sg.), Gv 25 °maḥ; °ma-netra LVa 28, and intended by corrupt readings LVb 28; Dh 32; Mv 30 °ma (mss.); for Mvy see prec.—31. ūrṇā bhruvāntare jātāvadātā mṛdutūlasaṃ- nibhā (? exact language uncertain, but Pali uṇṇā bhamu- kantare jātā odātā mudutūlasannibhā); Pali seems sup- ported by Mv ii.306.17-18, where read bhruvāntare(ṇa) ... ūrṇā hi prakāśāvadātā (mss. cited as °śā ca vātā) mṛduka-(so v.l.)-tūlasādṛśā; LVa 29 ūrṇā ... bhruvor madhye jātā himarajataprakāśā; Dh 17 ūrṇālaṃkṛtamu- khatā; Gv 26 bhruvāntare ... ūrṇā jātābhūn mṛdvī... śuddhā prabhāsvarā himaguḍikā-tuṣāravarṇā ...; Bbh 32 ūrṇā ... bhruvor madhye jātā śvetā śaṅkhasaṃnibhā pra- dakṣiṇāvartā (cf. LV, Mvy); LVa 31 (cf. LVb below, LVa 29 above, Bbh, and Mvy) ... pradakṣināvartakeśaḥ; Mvy 29 ūrṇākośaḥ (so read), and 31 pradakṣiṇāvartakeśaḥ; LVb 31 bhrūmadhye-sujātapradakṣiṇāvartottaptaviśud-dhavarṇābhāsorṇa(ḥ, n. sg., Bhvr.); Mv 31 ūrṇā. Cf. RP 46.14; 50.12. — 32. uṣṇīṣaśīrṣa (see s.v. uṣṇīṣa; Pali uṇhīsasīsa), LVa 32; Mv 32; Mv ii.307.4; Bbh 31 (°ṣāḥ); °śiraska(-tā) Mvy 32; Dh 23; mūrdhni... uṣṇīṣam Gv 27; uṣṇīṣaśīrṣānavalokitamūrdha LVb 30; uṣṇi RP 46.13; 50.11. — A few secondary insertions in individual lists are here ignored. References to the 32 lakṣaṇa, usually as seen on a Buddha, are frequent, e. g. SP 47.10; and see s.v. lakṣa for two cases where Senart assumes, wrongly I think, that Mv substitutes that word for lakṣaṇa. ► p. 458-460

9、anyathā

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 anya-thā 二级词汇

【对译词】

〈巴〉 aññathā

〈藏〉 gzhan，gzhan du，gzhan du na，de ma yin pa，de ma yin du zin na，de lta ma yin pa，de ltar ma byas na

【释义】 ［不变］ ❶ 不同地，以另一种形式，变异地。❷不然，否则。❸错误地，虚妄地。

〔古〕 餘，所餘，異，差異，相違，由異相，若異於此，若不爾者；虚妄，不實。

【例句】

《嘉言》Hit 0.8：yan nave bhājane lagnaḥ saṃskāro nānyathā bhavet | kathācchalena bālānāṃ nītis tad iha kathyate ||

因为在生坯器上所敷纹饰不会变异，那么这里对孩子们以故事为伪装讲述政事。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

anyá-thā, &c. See ib. ► p. 46a

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

anyá-thā, ind. otherwise, in a different manner (with atas, itas, or tatas = in a manner different from this; anyathā anyathā, in one way, in another way) ; inaccurately, untruly, falsely, erroneously ; from another motive; in the contrary case, otherwise [cf. Lat. aliuta]. ► p. 45c

10、bhāva

梵汉词汇表

【析词】 bhāva

【对译词】

〈藏〉 dngos po，yod pa

【释义】 ［阳］ ❶ 存在，事物。❷ 状态，性质，样貌。❸ 性情，情感，情态，表情，行为。

〔古〕 身，事，事物，体，有，有性，性，類，性類。

【例句】 《中论颂》15.3-4：svabhāvaparabhāvābhyām ṛte bhāvaḥ kutaḥ punaḥ | svabhāve parabhāve ca sati bhāvo hi sidhyati ||

‹什› 離自性、他性，何得更有法？ 若有自、他性，諸法則得成。 ‹叶› 若离自性与他性，从何而又有事物？ 有自性与他性在，事物才得成立故。

《艳情百咏》2：smitena bhāvena ca lajjayā bhiyā parāṅmukhair ardhakaṭākṣavīkṣaṇaiḥ | vacobhir īrṣyākalahena līlayā samastabhāvaiḥ khalu bandhanaṃ striyaḥ ||

由微笑与情态，娇羞与惊恐， 背过脸去，目光半斜睨， 语言、妒意争吵与妩媚， 由此等合一体故，女人便是缚缠。

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

bhāva, &c. See p.754&c. ► p. 760b

M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899

【释义】

bhāvá, m. (√ bhū) becoming, being, existing, occurring, appearance ŚvetUp. KātyŚr. &c. ; turning or transition into (loc. or comp.) MBh. RPrāt. ; continuance (opp. to cessation; ekôti-bhāva, continuity of the thread of existence through successive births Buddh., wrongly translated under ekôti-bh°) MBh. ; state, condition, rank (with sthāvira, old age; anyam bhāvam āpadyate, euphem. = he dies; state of being anything, esp. ifc. e.g. bālabhāva, the state of being a child, childhood = bālatā or -tva; sometimes added pleonastically to an abstract noun e.g. tanutā-bhāva, the state of thinness) Up. ŚrS. MBh. &c. ; true condition or state, truth, reality (ibc. and °vena ind. really, truly) MBh. Hariv. ; manner of being, nature, temperament, character (eko bhāvaḥ or eka-bh°, a simple or artless nature; bhāvo bhāvaṃ nigacchati = birds of a feather flock together) MBh. Kāv. &c. ; manner of acting, conduct, behaviour Kāv. Sāh. ; any state of mind or body, way of thinking or feeling, sentiment, opinion, disposition, intention (yādṛśena bhāvena, with whatever disposition of mind; bhāvam amaṅgalaṃ-√kṛ, with loc., to be ill disposed against; bhāvaṃ dṛḍhaṃ-√kṛ, to make a firm resolution) Mn. MBh. &c. ; (in rhet.) passion, emotion (2 kinds of Bhāvas are enumerated, the sthāyin or primary, and vyabhicārin or subordinate; the former are 8 or 9 according as the Rasas or sentiments are taken to be 8 or 9; the latter 33 or 34) Kāv. Sāh. Pratāp. &c. ; conjecture, supposition Mn. Pañcat. ; purport, meaning, sense (iti bhāvaḥ, “such is the sense” = ity arthaḥ or ity abhiprâyaḥ, constantly used by commentators at the end of their explanations) ; love, affection, attachment (bhāvaṃ-√kṛ, with loc., to feel an affection for) MBh. Kāv. &c. ; the seat of the feelings or affections, heart, soul, mind (parituṣṭena bhāvena, with a pleased mind) ŚvetUp. Mn. MBh. &c. ; that which is or exists, thing or substance, being or living creature (sarva-bhāvāḥ, all earthly objects; bhāvāḥ sthāvara-jaṅgamāḥ, plants and animals) MuṇḍUp. MBh. &c. ; (in dram.) a discreet or learned man (as a term of address = respected sir) Mṛicch. Mālav. Mālatīm. ; (in astron.) the state or condition of a planet L. ; an astrological house or lunar mansion ib. ; N. of the 27th Kalpa (s.v.) ib. ; of the 8th (42nd) year in Jupiter's cycle of 60 years VarBṛS. ; (in gram.) the fundamental notion of the verb, the sense conveyed by the abstract noun (esp. as a term for an impersonal passive or neuter verb having neither agent nor object expressed e.g. pacyate, “there is cooking” or “cooking is going on”) Pāṇ. 3-1, 66; 107 &c. ; N. of the author of the Bhāvaprakāśa (= miśra-bhāva) Cat. ; wanton sport, dalliance L. ; birth L. ; place of birth, the womb L. ; the world, universe L. ; an organ of sense L. ; superhuman power L. ; the Supreme Being L. ; advice, instruction L. ; contemplation, meditation L. (cf. -samanvita). ; ► p. 754b

bhāvena, ind., see bhāva , really, truly ► p. 754b

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